Cytotoxicity and cytotoxic molecules in invertebrates

Nappi, Anthony J.; Ottaviani, Enzo

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-1878(200005)22:5<469::aid-bies9>3.0.co;2-4

Cited by 309 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Finally prophenoloxidase-activating proteinase (PAPs) are activated, leading to the melanism reaction [22-24]. Cytotoxic molecules are produced in this process, including quinones and reactive oxygen intermediates, that may kill the invading microorganisms that are trapped by the melanin [25]. BmSP14, BmSPH125 and BmSPH78 in the silkworm are highly similar to HP14, HP17 and PAP, respectively, in the tobacco hornworm (Additional file 6).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of serine proteases and homologs in the silkworm Bombyx mori

et al. 2010

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BackgroundSerine proteases (SPs) and serine proteases homologs (SPHs) are a large group of proteolytic enzymes, with important roles in a variety of physiological processes, such as cell signalling, defense and development. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of serine proteases and their homologs in the silkworm might provide valuable information about their biological functions.ResultsIn this study, 51 SP genes and 92 SPH genes were systematically identified in the genome of the silkworm Bombyx mori. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that six gene families have been amplified species-specifically in the silkworm, and the members of them showed chromosomal distribution of tandem repeats. Microarray analysis suggests that many silkworm-specific genes, such as members of SP_fam12, 13, 14 and 15, show expression patterns that are specific to tissues or developmental stages. The roles of SPs and SPHs in resisting pathogens were investigated in silkworms when they were infected by Escherichia coli, Bacillus bombysepticus, Batrytis bassiana and B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus, respectively. Microarray experiment and real-time quantitative RT-PCR showed that 18 SP or SPH genes were significantly up-regulated after pathogen induction, suggesting that SP and SPH genes might participate in pathogenic microorganism resistance in B. mori.ConclusionSilkworm SP and SPH genes were identified. Comparative genomics showed that SP and SPH genes belong to a large family, whose members are generated mainly by tandem repeat evolution. We found that silkworm has species-specific SP and SPH genes. Phylogenetic and microarray analyses provide an overview of the silkworm SP and SPHs, and facilitate future functional studies on these enzymes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of serine proteases and homologs in the silkworm Bombyx mori

et al. 2010

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“…Melanins, although poorly characterized for lower invertebrates (89), are found throughout the animal kingdom (71,75,90), suggesting that they are highly conserved components of innate immunity, particularly in invertebrates (72,75,87,91). They are known to play a key role in disease resistance in invertebrates (73,91), particularly for antimicrobial defense (76) and free radical scavenging (75), but in addition, they are known to function in desiccation resistance in plants (92) and photoprotection via light absorption in both plants (92,93) and higher metazoans (80). The presence of melanin-containing granular cells in the free body wall tissues of all species investigated in this study suggests that they fulfill an important physiological role within scleractinian and alcyonacean corals.…”

Section: Presence and Localization Of Melaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A key component of invertebrate innate immunity is the presence and activation of the melanin-synthesis pathway (69 -73) in response to invasion by foreign organisms or physical injury. The melanin-synthesis pathway, once activated, not only enables the deposition of encapsulating melanins (74,75), but in addition produces highly cytotoxic intermediates, such as reactive oxygen species and quinones, which provide antimicrobial defense (76).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of immunity parameters underpin bleaching and disease susceptibility of reef corals

2010

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Immunity is a key life history trait that may explain hierarchies in the susceptibility of corals to disease and thermal bleaching, two of the greatest current threats to coral health and the persistence of tropical reefs. Despite their ongoing and rapid global decline, there have been few investigations into the immunity mechanisms of reef-building corals. Variables commonly associated with invertebrate immunity, including the presence of melanin, size of melanin-containing granular cells, and phenoloxidase (PO) activity, as well as concentrations of fluorescent proteins (FPs), were investigated in hard (Scleractinia) and soft (Alcyonacea) corals spanning 10 families from the Great Barrier Reef. Detectable levels of these indicators were present in all corals investigated, although relative investment differed among coral taxa. Overall levels of investment were inversely correlated to thermal bleaching and disease susceptibility. In addition, PO activity, melanin-containing granular cell size, and FP concentration were each found to be significant predictors of susceptibility and thus may play key roles in coral immunity. Correlative evidence that taxonomic (family-level) variation in the levels of these constituent immunity parameters underpins susceptibility to both thermal bleaching and disease indicates that baseline immunity underlies the vulnerability of corals to these two threats. This reinforces the necessity of a holistic approach to understanding bleaching and disease in order to accurately determine the resilience of coral reefs.

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“…Although present at a basal level, PO can be further activated and upregulated by a wide range of parasitic challenges (Gillespie et al 1997). The PO cascade is also associated with humoral immunity; the intermediate quinones produced exhibit antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph (Nappi and Ottaviani 2000). Invasion also prompts a further induction of the humoral immune response, which is relatively specific in comparison with the generalized cellular response (Casteels et al 1994;Lemaitre et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging in personal and social immunity: do immune traits senesce at the same rate?

Reavey

Warnock

Garbett

et al. 2015

Ecology and Evolution

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SummaryHow much should an individual invest in immunity as it grows older? Immunity is costly and its value is likely to change across an organism's lifespan. A limited number of studies have focused on how personal immune investment changes with age in insects, but we do not know how social immunity, immune responses that protect kin, changes across lifespan, or how resources are divided between these two arms of the immune response. In this study, both personal and social immune functions are considered in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides. We show that personal immune function declines (phenoloxidase levels) or is maintained (defensin expression) across lifespan in nonbreeding beetles but is maintained (phenoloxidase levels) or even upregulated (defensin expression) in breeding individuals. In contrast, social immunity increases in breeding burying beetles up to middle age, before decreasing in old age. Social immunity is not affected by a wounding challenge across lifespan, whereas personal immunity, through PO, is upregulated following wounding to a similar extent across lifespan. Personal immune function may be prioritized in younger individuals in order to ensure survival until reproductive maturity. If not breeding, this may then drop off in later life as state declines. As burying beetles are ephemeral breeders, breeding opportunities in later life may be rare. When allowed to breed, beetles may therefore invest heavily in “staying alive” in order to complete what could potentially be their final reproductive opportunity. As parental care is important for the survival and growth of offspring in this genus, staying alive to provide care behaviors will clearly have fitness payoffs. This study shows that all immune traits do not senesce at the same rate. In fact, the patterns observed depend upon the immune traits measured and the breeding status of the individual.

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Cytotoxicity and cytotoxic molecules in invertebrates

Cited by 309 publications

References 75 publications

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of serine proteases and homologs in the silkworm Bombyx mori

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of serine proteases and homologs in the silkworm Bombyx mori

Levels of immunity parameters underpin bleaching and disease susceptibility of reef corals

Aging in personal and social immunity: do immune traits senesce at the same rate?

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