Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of Oral Rinses In Vitro

Abstract

While oral rinses used for cosmetic purposes only do not necessarily have to be antiseptic, antimicrobial activity is required for medical indications, including oral and periodontal surgery. So the question arises—is the antimicrobial activity of oral rinses associated with any destructive changes in cell viability in vitro? To answer this question, we examined twelve oral rinses with respect to their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. Antimicrobial activity was screened against five bacterial strains using disc diffusion. Cytotoxicity was determined by mitochondrial reductase activity with primary gingival fibroblasts, L929 cells, and HSC-2 epithelial cells. Phase contrast microscopy and trypan blue staining were then performed to reveal cell morphology. Cells remained vital after exposure to oral rinses that were only used for cosmetic purposes. Moderate cytotoxic effects were observed for oral rinses containing 0.05% chlorhexidine, ethanol, or pegylated hydrogenated castor oil and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Other oral rinses containing 0.2% chlorhexidine and cocamidopropyl betaine exhibited strong cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. Strong cytotoxic but moderate antimicrobial activity was observed in oral rinses containing cetylpyridinium chloride. The in vitro data show that oral rinses are heterogeneous with respect to their cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects. Based on their respective properties, oral rinses can be selected either to reduce the microbial load or for cosmetic purposes.

Redox/pH dual-controlled release of chlorhexidine and silver ions from biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles against oral biofilms

“…It is well known that high doses of silver ions or CHX can trigger oral cell death, resulting in unwanted side effects. 48,49 We proposed that Ag-MSNs with a stimuli-responsive drug release behavior could reduce the toxicity of silver ions and CHX when exposed to normal cells. We, therefore, determined the viability of HIOECs after exposure to Ag-MSNs@CHX for 6 hours via the MTS assay (Figure 8).…”

The anti-inflammatory effect of milk and dairy products on periodontal cells: an in vitro approach

“…Oral mucositis is a critical issue in patients exposed to radiation [19] and/or chemotherapy [20], and in those with chronic inflammatory disorders such as Crohn's disease [21], periodontitis, and peri-implantitis. Today's anti-inflammatory strategies include antibiotics, as well as oral mouth rinses supplemented with chlorhexidine [22] and other pharmacological compounds [23]. These potent therapies, however, have side effects and should be restricted to a limited time period [24].…”

Antimicrobial Activity of EPA and DHA against Oral Pathogenic Bacteria Using an In Vitro Multi-Species Subgingival Biofilm Model

“…These strategies are based on mechanical root instrumentation, either non-surgically [10] or surgically [11], with or without adjunctive therapies, such as the use of locally and/or systemically delivered antimicrobials [12,13]. The use of adjunctive systemic antibiotics, although demonstrating a significant additional effect [13], may also cause unwanted effects [13][14][15], mainly associated with the development of bacterial resistances [16], which may represent a threat to global public health [17]. The use of antiseptics can also cause side effects, such as irritation of the mucous membranes, tooth staining or accelerated formation of dental calculus [18].…”