Cytotoxic Effects and Anti-Angiogenesis Potential of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Hulls against MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hulls (PVLH) represents a significant by-product of industrial pistachio processing that contains high amounta of phenolic and flavonoid compounds known to act as antioxidants. The current study was designed to evaluate the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic potentials of PVLH extracts. The cytotoxic effects of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water PVLH extracts toward human colon cancer (HT-29 and HCT-116), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), lung adenocarcinoma (H23), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), cervical cancer (Ca Ski), and normal fibroblast (BJ-5ta) cells were assessed using a MTT cell viability assay. Apoptosis induction was evaluated through the different nuclear staining assays and confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. Anti-angiogenic activities were also determined using chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. PVLH ethyl acetate extracts (PVLH-EAE) demonstrated a suppressive effect with an IC50 value of 21.20 ± 1.35, 23.00 ± 1.2 and 25.15 ± 1.85 µg/mL against MCF-7, HT-29 and HCT-116, respectively, after 72 h of treatment. Morphological assessment and flow cytometry analysis showed the potential of PVLH-EAE to induce apoptosis. PVLH-EAE at the highest concentration demonstrated significant inhibition of angiogenesis as comparing with control group. Also the expression of Bax increased and the expression of Bcl-2 decreased in treated MCF-7 cells. Thus, the apoptosis induction and angiogenesis potential of PVLH-EAE make it to be the most suitable for further cancer research study to deal with selective antitumor active substances to human cancers especially breast cancer.

Cancer preventive and neuroprotective potentials of red hulls, kernels and oleo-gum resins from Pistachio

“…As previously reported, high antioxidant activity and rich polyphenolic content of the herbal extracts are known to be closely related to inhibit cancer and neurodegenerative diseases efficiently (Reddy et al, 2003;Tabatabaei-Malazy et al, 2013;Newman and Cragg, 2016;Roy et al, 2018;Gezici, 2019a;Gezici and Sekeroglu, 2019a). Terpenes and phenolic components are the main bioactive phytochemicals found in different parts of P. vera L. These components have been known to possess significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and so they are probably responsible for preventing cancer, as demonstrated by previous researches (Rajaei et al, 2010;Bozorgi et al, 2013;Fathalizadeh et al, 2015;Das and Gezici, 2018;Seifaddinipour et al, 2018).…”

“…On the basis of the findings obtained from the current work, the red hull part of the plant is seem to be a valuable agent for inhibition on AChE and BChE enzymes, while oleo-gum resin of Pistachio is a good candidate for inhibition against TYR enzyme. In fact, rich polyphenolic contents of P. vera L. are likely contribute to its remarkable neuroprotective capacity as reported previously (Rajaei et al, 2010;Hosseinzadeh et al, 2012;Fathalizadeh et al, 2015;Seifaddinipour et al, 2018). a The values were given as inhibition (%) ± standard deviation (n=3).…”

“…DPPH and ABTS assays have been commonly used to determine the free radical scavenging activity of plant extracts and their pure compounds (Reddy et al, 2003;Farzaei et al, 2018). Based on the free radical scavenging results, red hulls of P. vera L. were found to have the most significant antioxidant potentials than the other parts of the plant, which may be due to the fact that its rich secondary metabolites components such as epicatechin, quercetin, naringenin, luteolin, kaempferol,cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Bozorgi et al, 2013;Seifaddinipour et al, 2018). The obtained results were consistent with previous works carried out to determine antioxidant potentials of different Pistachio species such as P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus (Rajaei et al, 2010;Hosseinzadeh et al, 2012;Bozorgi et al, 2013).…”

“…Recent studies showed that Pistachio with whole parts including fruit, leave, gum, hull, oil, and seed possess potential usage for pharmacological purposes in traditional medicine, due to their comprehensive biological properties. In addition to their pharmacological usage, fruits of Pistachio have been commonly consumed as snack food and food additive (Rajaei et al, 2010;Fathalizadeh et al, 2015;Seifaddinipour et al, 2018).…”

In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Activity of the Most Cytotoxic Fraction of Pistachio Hull Extract in Breast Cancer

“…[13,14]. According to our previous study [10], the molecular and cellular response exerted by the PV-EA on the MCF-7 is noteworthy, thus it is vital to ascertain and determine the bioactive constituents that are present. Thus, the Isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds present were performed accordingly to help identify which compound(s) play a role in the safe and effective use for therapeutic purposes.…”