Cytotoxic Effect of Syzgium aromaticum Extract and Gemcitabine on Human Cervical Cancer Cell Line

Abstract:There is marked increase in our knowledge about the role of the environmental factors in the global dimensions of the noncommunicable diseases (NCD) including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent studies indicate that there is coexistence of nutritional deficiencies and appreciable over-nutrition in association with sedentary behavior due to urbanization and industrialization. Environmental factors including helio-magnetic fluctuations may result into inflammatory dysfunctions in various biological systems. These dysfunctions can manifest in the form of central obesity and overweight in developing countries as well as in high income countries. The Global Burden of Disease Study clearly showed that the gratifying gains in cardiovascular health occurred in developed countries, in association with an epidemic of CVD in the developing world. Singh et al., proposed, modifying the previous hypothesis, that overweight comes first in conjunction with inflammation, hyperinsulinemia, increased angiotensin activity, vascular variability disorders and central obesity followed by glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, low HDL and hypertriglyceridemia (Metabolic syndrome).This sequence is followed by coronary artery disease(CAD), gall stones and cancers and finally dental caries, gastrointestinal diseases, bone and joint diseases, degenerative diseases of the brain and psychological disorders, during transition from poverty to affluence. It seems that all the NCDs are mediated by inflammation due to interaction of biological systems with environmental factors, including heliomagnetic fluctions. As people become rich, they begin to increase their intake of proinflammatory refined foods; dietary w-6 and trans fat, salt and sugar in the form of ready prepared foods, syrups, dairy products and flesh foods in place of grain and vegetable based diet. There is a greater use of automobiles, television vewing and decrease in sports, walking and dancing as recreation which also enhances the inflammation, dyslipidemia and obesity. These changes in the diet and lifestyle in conjunction with mental strain, and increase in tobacco and alcohol intake as well as heliomagnetic fluctuations, appear to be primary risk factors in the pathogenesis of inflammation and dyslipidemia leading to NCDs.

Section: Prevention Of Noncommunicale Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Environmental Factors Predispose Noncommunicable Diseases?

Sergey¹

2011

“…The activity can be monitored by the NADPH consumption, with absorbance at 340 nm, or the formed GSH can be visualized by Ellman's reagent [43]. Alternatively the activity can be measured using roGFP (redox-sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein) [44].…”

Section: Glutathione Reductasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its actions are similar to those of iodoacetate. It is commonly used to bind covalently with cysteine, so the protein cannot form disulfide bond [44]. After that reducing agents are added to react with any excess alkylating agent.…”

Section: Ligands Of Significance Iodoacetamidementioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and Molecular Biological Studies on Oral Cancer: An Overview

Mishra¹

2011

Self Cite

Oral cancer is the cancerous tissue growth located in the oral cavity. It may arise as a primary lesion originating in any of the oral tissues, by metastasis from a distant site of origin, or by extension from a neighboring anatomic structure, such as the nasal cavity or the maxillary sinus. Smoking and other tobacco use are associated with about 75 percent of oral cancer cases. Alcohol use is another high-risk activity associated with oral cancer. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly type 16 (there are over 120 types), is a known risk factor and independent causative factor for oral cancer. Oncogenes, gain-of-function mutations of highly regulated normal cellular counterparts (proto-oncogenes), are likely involved in the initiation and progression of oral neoplasia. Cellular oncogenes were initially discovered by the ability of tumor cell DNA to induce transformation in gene transfer assays. Mechanisms of activation of these cellular oncogenes include point mutations and DNA re-arrangements. Several of these cellular oncogenes are homologs of retroviral oncogenes (e.g., the ras genes); others are new oncogenes. Tumor suppressor genes or anti-oncogenes have been documented to confer potent negative regulatory controls which are lost due to chromosomal alterations during tumor formation. Functional loss of multiple tumor suppressor genes is believed to be the major event leading to the development of malignancy. Treatment is done till date with the help of radiation therapy, considering the removal of tumor which proceeds with the surgery. Chemotherapy is also used but not to a wide extent and that too has to be done with radiation and research work is still going on the drug discovery for this disease, hence looking towards this fact we opted for the work in this area looking into the successful way of the treatment for oral cancer. The present review is compilation of the data pertaining to biochemistry and molecular biology of oral carcinoma and would certainly provide new insights to explore the development of nutraceuticals based on the hypothesis projected by future studies on computational biotechnology of oral carcinoma.

“…Apoptosis describes a physiological and pathological process of cell deletion that plays an important role in maintaining tissue (somatic and germ) homeostasis [1][2][3][4][5]. It is a highly regulated cellular suicide process essential for growth and survival in all eukaryotes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Biotechnological Approach to Apoptosis of Somatic and Germ Cells in Living Organisms

Nanda¹

2010

Self Cite

Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) is known for defense and developmental mechanisms. A remarkable overlap has been suggested between the hallmarks of PCD in plants and animals in spite of identification of very few regulatory proteins or protein domains conserved across all eukaryotic PCD forms. The features like chromatin condensation, nuclear DNA fragmentation, and participation of caspase like proteases in plant PCD appear to be similar across the board and in conformity with the process in metazoans as well. Transgenic expression of mammalian anti-and proapoptotic proteins in plants influence the regulatory pathways of cell death activation and suppression, indicating the existence of functional counterparts of such genes in plants, several of which have now been cloned and characterized to various extents, suggesting that despite differences, there may be a fair level of functional similarity between the mechanistic components of plant and animal apoptosis. The overall review of the available data pertaining to mechanism of PCD in plants is at best inclined to support an ancestral relationship with animal apoptosis rather than any common regulational strategies. Besides, as far as germ cell apoptosis is concerned, 'Abortive Apoptosis' is a theory that still requires much scientific evidence to be considered valid. Because of naturally occurring processes within the spermatozoa that mimic somatic cell apoptosis, many believe that this theory requires additional evidence. Oxidative Stress Oxidative stress upon spermatozoa is induced by an increase in the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are present in the fluids filling the male genital tract.