Cytotoxic effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on human intestinal Caco-2 cells: associated biomarkers for risk assessment

Abstract

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is a synthetic anionic surfactant widely present in the environment due to its intensive production and use in the detergency field. Admitting that current procedure of risk assessment has limits in providing realistic risk assessment data and predicting the cumulative effect of the toxicant mixtures, the incorporation of information regarding the mode of action and cell response mechanism seems to be a potential solution to overcome these limits. In this regard, we investigated in this study the LAS cytotoxicity on human intestinal Caco-2 cells, trying to unveil the protein actors implicated in the cell response using proteomics approach in order to give a better understanding of the toxicological effect and allow the identification of appropriate biomarkers reflecting the mode of action associated with LAS. As results, we demonstrated that LAS induces a time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells accompanied by an induction of oxidative stress followed by an excessive increase of intracellular calcium level. Proteomics approach helped in discovering three informative biomarkers of effect associated with LAS cytotoxic effect, reported for the first time: calreticulin, thioredoxin, and heat shock cognate 71 (HSP7C), confirmed by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. These biomarkers could serve for more reliable future risk assessment studies that consider the toxicants mode of action in order to help in the prediction of potential cumulative effects of environmentally coexisting contaminants.

Influence of the Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) on hematological and biochemical parameters of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

“…Thus, cellular glutathione content in fish varies with the concentration and period of exposure to oxidant pollutants. Reduction in GSH concentration in this study might be explained by the increased concentrations of detergents that induce severe oxidative stress may be either due to suppression of GSH levels in response to xenobiotics due to loss of adaptive mechanisms or oxidation of GSH to GSSG to eliminate the produced ROS ( Bradai et al, 2014 ). Decrease in the activity of CAT and SOD and concentration of GSH in the present study was harmonized with the investigations proceeded on Ruditapes phillipinarum treated with non-ionic surfactant NPEO ( Alvarez-Munoz et al, 2006 ), Solea senegalensis ( Alvarez-Munoz et al, 2007 ), Anabas testudineus ( Nair et al, 2017 ), Danio rerio ( Sobrino-Figueroa, 2013 ) exposed to commercial detergents and LAS, Prochilodus lineatus ( Modesto and Martinez, 2010 ) exposed to Roundup Transorb (RDT) which is a glyphosate-based herbicide containing a mixture of surfactants, Oreochromis niloticus ( Atli and Canli, 2010 ) exposed to sublethal concentrations of metals and Melanotaenia fluviatilis ( Miranda et al, 2020 ) subjected to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which are a group of persistent anthropogenic organic surfactants.…”

Effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on human intestinal Caco-2 cells at non cytotoxic concentrations

“…1 Reduction of MTT by Caco-2 cells after exposure to different LAS concentrations for 24 and 48 h; cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 10 5 cell/ml; cell proliferation was determined as the mean of absorbance at 570 nm and expressed as the percentage of control; results represent the mean ± SD of at three independent experiments; *significant increases compared to the control: *p \ 0.05; **p \ 0.01 Fig. 2 Cell number and viability of Caco-2 cells exposed to 5 and 15 ppm LAS for 24 h; cells were seeded at 2 9 10 5 cell/ml in Petri dishes; control represents non-treated Coco-2 cells; cell number and cell viability were measured using flow cytometry; results represent the mean ± SD of three independent experiments; **significant difference from the control (p \ 0.01) effect, previously reported for concentrations higher than 50 ppm and exposure times longer than 24 h (Bradai et al 2014). …”

Cellular stress response biomarkers for toxicity potential assessment of treated wastewater complex mixtures

“…It was confirmed by Bradai et al . () that CALR has a cytoprotective function for Caco‐2 cells as it is overexpressed under oxidative stress condition to ensure antioxidant mechanism mediated by the TRX up‐regulation CALR is involved in the regulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis and Ca 2+ ‐dependent pathways, lectin‐like chaperone activity modulation of gene expression and modulation of cell adhesion. Next to its function as a modulator of Ca 2+ homeostasis, CALR has role as a molecular chaperone in the folding of many proteins and glycoproteins.…”