Cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of Phyllodium elegans extracts on human cancer cell lines

Abstract

The extract of Phyllodium (P.) elegans was investigated for its anti-cancer properties on brain astroglioma cells (U251-MG), colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT116), and malignant melanoma cells (A375). P. elegans methanolic extract (PeME) showed cytotoxicity on all three cancer cell lines tested. The cell viability assay revealed that PeME significantly reduced the viability of these cells. Clear apoptotic features such as cellular morphology, cell shrinkage, and augmentation of dead cells were observed. Flow cytometry and fluorescence staining techniques confirmed the apoptotic property of PeME. In vitro scratch invasion assay showed that cell migration rate was significantly reduced. Fluorescence microscopic studies using 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining showed early and late signs of apoptosis after PeME treatment. Upon PeME stimulation, activation of caspase-3/-9 and Mu-2-related death-inducing gene (MUDENG, MuD) was observed by western blot analysis. JC-1 staining analysis by flow cytometry showed that PeME depolarized the mitochondria membrane potential (MMP). Collectively, these findings, for the first time, point to the fact that PeME has anti-cancer properties against brain, colon, and skin cancer cell lines by depolarizing the MMP and activating apoptotic signaling through the activation of caspase-3/-9 as well as MuD. This is the first report reporting the anticancer activity of this specific plant extract.

Role of Fucoxanthin towards Cadmium-induced renal impairment with the antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxide activities

“…The effect of cadmium on the mitochondria has been considered as the main cause of cell apoptosis [ 35 , 36 ]. Regarding the mechanism of cell apoptosis, abnormal mitochondrial function is an important pathway [ 37 , 38 ]. The damage of mitochondrial inner membrane can be accompanied by the release of apoptotic induction factor and Caspase proteinase in the mitochondrial membrane gap, which causes apoptosis through the cascade reaction of apoptosis [ 39 ].…”

Skin cancer, including related pathways and therapy and the role of luteolin derivatives as potential therapeutics

“…A similar effect of Jasione montana diethyl ether extract in the C32 cell line has been described, and the main component critical for the activity was presumed to be luteolin, which was confirmed by studies on the activity of this compound alone 149 . Studies on both J. montana or Phyllodium elegans extracts in the C32 and A375 lines, respectively, proved the apoptotic potential of the extracts on the reduction mitochondria membrane potential as well as the increase of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 activation 216 . It has been established that the antioxidant activity of natural compounds is not correlated with their antiproliferative activity in cancer cell lines; their pro‐oxidative properties are critical for their effects 217 .…”

“… 149 Studies on both J. montana or Phyllodium elegans extracts in the C32 and A375 lines, respectively, proved the apoptotic potential of the extracts on the reduction mitochondria membrane potential as well as the increase of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 activation. 216 It has been established that the antioxidant activity of natural compounds is not correlated with their antiproliferative activity in cancer cell lines; their pro‐oxidative properties are critical for their effects. 217 However, Cattaneo and co‐authors found that the pro‐oxidative effect of rosemary extract does not directly mediate its cytotoxic activity.…”

Sinomenine ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy by activating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway

“…The apoptosis rate of H9C2 cells was detected using the Annexin V-FITC kit (FA101-01, TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) as described by Jung et al [ 27 ]. Briefly, cells were seeded in 24-well plates, washed, and re-suspended.…”