Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Hypericum androsaemum on prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) and hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines with identification of secondary metabolites by LC-HRMS

Abstract

The study aims to determine the secondary metabolites of Hypericum androsaemum L. extracts by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the plant. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by MTT assay, and apoptosis induction abilities on human prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3), and hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines. Accordingly, major secondary metabolites were found as hederagenin (762±70.10 μg/g) in the leaves dichloromethane (LD), herniarin (167±1.50 μg/g) in fruit dichloromethane (FD), (-)epicatechin (6538±235.36 μg/g) in the leaves methanol (LM), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (758±20.46 μg/g) in the fruit methanol (FM), and caffeic acid (370±8.88 μg/g) in the fruit water (FW), and (3313±79.51 μg/g) in the leaves water (LW) extracts. LM exerted strong antioxidant activity in DPPH free (IC50 10.94±0.08 μg/mL), and ABTS cation radicals scavenging (IC50 9.09±0.05 μg/mL) activities. FM exhibited cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 73.23±3.06 µg/mL and 31.64±2.75 µg/mL on PC-3 and Hep G2 cell lines, respectively. Being the richest extract in terms of quillaic acid (630±18.9 μg/g), which is a well-known cytotoxic triterpenoid with proven apoptosis induction ability on different cells, FM extract showed apoptosis induction activity with 64.75% on PC-3 cells at 50 μg/mL concentration. The study provides promising results about the potential of Hypericum androsaemum on cancer prevention.

Insights into the Biological Activity and Cytotoxic Mechanism of Epimedium pubigerum

“…The dried extracts (SME and RME) were dissolved in the mobile phase (A : B; 1 : 1; v/v; 2.5 mL), and internal standard (100 mg/mL; dihydrocapsaicin; 97 %) was added to the final concentration of 3 ppm and the volume was fulfilled up to 5 mL with mobile phase mixture. The final solution was filtered through a 0.45 μm filter and injected into the instrument in a volume of 2 mL [40] …”

“…The final solution was filtered through a 0.45 μm filter and injected into the instrument in a volume of 2 mL. [40]…”

In vitro tyrosinase inhibitory, DNA interaction studies, and LC?HRMS analysis of Ficus carica leaves

“…Comparing the retention times of standard compounds (with purity levels between 95% and 99%) with HRMS data from the Bezmiâlem Vakıf University, Drug Application and Research Center Library allowed for the identification of the compounds (ILMER). The details and validation parameters of the method and standards were given previously by Bektaş et al [ 23 ].…”

“…Gallic acid was used as a positive control. The obtained results were photographed with the BioRad Gel Doc XR system and were calculated with Image Lab Version 4.0.1 program [ 23 , 28 ].…”

“…Supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA, buffer solution (50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7)), 1 mM FeSO 4 , 2% H 2 O 2 , and extracts (80–200 μg/mL) were added and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min and loaded into an agarose gel. The above electrophoresis procedures were carried out [ 23 , 28 ].…”