Cytotaxonomy of the Lorisoidea (primates: Prosimii). I. Chromosome studies and karyological relationships in the Galagidae

Boer, L. E. M. De

doi:10.1007/bf00119104

Cited by 87 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Chromosome banding data suggested that the differences between the karyotypes of these closely related species are simple Robertsonian translocations (de Boer, 1973;Dutrillaux et al, 1982;Rumpler et al, 1983). Chromosome painting confirmed this hypothesis, and comparing the results with the ancestral primate karyotype provided the information about the direction of changes in galagos.…”

Section: Lorisidaesupporting

confidence: 61%

Fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosomes as a tool to understand human and primate genome evolution

Wienberg¹

2004

Cytogenet Genome Res

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For the last 15 years molecular cytogenetic techniques have been extensively used to study primate evolution. Molecular probes were helpful to distinguish mammalian chromosomes and chromosome segments on the basis of their DNA content rather than solely on morphological features such as banding patterns. Various landmark rearrangements have been identified for most of the nodes in primate phylogeny while chromosome banding still provides helpful reference maps. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques were used with probes of different complexity including chromosome painting probes, probes derived from chromosome sub-regions and in the size of a single gene. Since more recently, in silico techniques have been applied to trace down evolutionarily derived chromosome rearrangements by searching the human and mouse genome sequence databases. More detailed breakpoint analyses of chromosome rearrangements that occurred during higher primate evolution also gave some insights into the molecular changes in chromosome rearrangements that occurred in evolution. Hardly any “fusion genes” as known from chromosome rearrangements in cancer cells or dramatic “position effects” of genes transferred to new sites in primate genomes have been reported yet. Most breakpoint regions have been identified within gene poor areas rich in repetitive elements and/or low copy repeats (segmental duplications). The progress in various molecular and molecular-cytogenetic approaches including the recently launched chimpanzee genome project suggests that these new tools will have a significant impact on the further understanding of human genome evolution.

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Section: Lorisidaesupporting

confidence: 61%

Fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosomes as a tool to understand human and primate genome evolution

Wienberg¹

2004

Cytogenet Genome Res

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“…In karyotypic analyses, the number and gross structure of chromosomes is evaluated in order to develop parsimonious phylogenetic hypotheses. De Boer examined the chromosomes of galagos, and concluded that G. crassicaudatus preserved the most primitive karyotype [122]. G. senegalensis and G. alleni shared several specialized traits that linked them to each other [122].…”

Section: Molecular Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The traditional view is to accept an Asian clade and an African clade, while some researchers [87,121] have preferred instead a small-bodied clade (Arctocebus and Loris) contrasting with a large-bodied clade (Nycticebus and Perodicticus). Other suggested arrangements have Nycticebus and Arctocebus as a clade to the exclusion of Loris and Perodicticus [122][123][124], and finally Perodicticus as the outgroup to a clade of Arctocebus, Nycticebus and Loris [23]. The extant galagines certainly form a distinct clade when compared to the lorisines, but the internal relationships among galagines at the generic and specific levels remain controversial.…”

Section: Phylogeny Of Extant Lorisid Generamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concurrent with the immunological studies were a series of studies on the prosimian karyotype [122,123,156,157]. In karyotypic analyses, the number and gross structure of chromosomes is evaluated in order to develop parsimonious phylogenetic hypotheses.…”

Section: Molecular Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…De Boer examined the chromosomes of galagos, and concluded that G. crassicaudatus preserved the most primitive karyotype [122]. G. senegalensis and G. alleni shared several specialized traits that linked them to each other [122]. De Boer then compared the galago karyotypes to those of lorisines [123].…”

Section: Molecular Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolutionary History of Lorisiform Primates

Rasmussén¹,

Nekaris²

1998

IJFP

102

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We integrate information from the fossil record, morphology, behavior and molecular studies to provide a current overview of lorisoid evolution. Several Eocene prosimians of the northern continents, including both omomyids and adapoids, have been suggested as possible lorisoid ancestors, but these cannot be substantiated as true strepsirhines. A small-bodied primate, Anchomomys, of the middle Eocene of Europe may be the best candidate among putative adapoids for status as a true strepsirhine. Recent finds of Eocene primates in Africa have revealed new prosimian taxa that are also viable contenders for strepsirhine status. Plesiopithecus teras is a Nycticebus-sized, nocturnal prosimian from the late Eocene, Fayum, Egypt, that shares cranial specializations with lorisoids, but it also retains primitive features (e.g. four premolars) and has unique specializations of the anterior teeth excluding it from direct lorisiform ancestry. Another unnamed Fayum primate resembles modern cheirogaleids in dental structure and body size. Two genera from Oman, Omanodon and Shizarodon, also reveal a mix of similarities to both cheirogaleids and anchomomyin adapoids. Resolving the phylogenetic position of these Africa primates of the early Tertiary will surely require more and better fossils. By the early to middle Miocene, lorisoids were well established in East Africa, and the debate about whether these represent lorisines or galagines is reviewed. Neontological data are used to address the controversial branching sequences among extant lorisid clades. Data from the skin and scent glands, when integrated with other lines of evidence, suggest that Asian and African lorisines share a common lorisine ancestry. The hypothesis of an African clade containing both pottos and galagos to the exclusion of Asian lorisines is less tenable. True galagines are found in the fossil record of Namibia, while true lorisines are known from the Miocene of Asia. The hypothetical branching sequences can be integrated with behavioral and morphological features to develop an adaptive model of lorisoid divergence. By specializing on two different foraging modes early in their radiation, lorisines and galagines subsequently underwent a chain of integrated evolutionary changes eventually having an impact on many components of locomotor behavior, anatomy, physiology, reproduction, life history, and social behavior. Ongoing evolutionary studies of extant galagines are illuminating population phenomena and processes of speciation in an ecological context.

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Distribution of erythrocytic allozymes in two sibling species of greater galago [Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy 1812 and G. garnettii (Ogilby 1838)]

Masters

Dunn

1988

American J Primatol

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This study investigated the use of erythrocyte enzymes as indicators of the presence or absence of gene flow between the sibling species G. crassicaudatus and G. garnettii. Fifty-five animals deriving from 14 different source populations were included in the analyses. In addition to hemoglobin, eight enzyme systems were examined acid phosphatase, adenylate kinase, carbonic anhydrase II, esterase D, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, peptidase A, and peptidase B. Of these, adenylate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, peptidase A, and peptidase B showed no interspecific or intraspecific variation. Esterase D was polymorphic in certain populations of G. crassicaudatus but not in others or in G. garnettii. Acid phosphatase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were polymorphic in G. garnettii but monomorphic in all G. crassicaudatus populations. The taxa showed fixation for different alleles at the carbonic anhydrase I1 locus, indicating a lack of gene exchange betweea the taxa. We suggest that acid phosphatase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and carbonic anhydrase I1 may be used as genetic markers in the identification of these two taxa.

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Cytotaxonomy of the Lorisoidea (primates: Prosimii). I. Chromosome studies and karyological relationships in the Galagidae

Cited by 87 publications

References 22 publications

Fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosomes as a tool to understand human and primate genome evolution

Fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosomes as a tool to understand human and primate genome evolution

Evolutionary History of Lorisiform Primates

Distribution of erythrocytic allozymes in two sibling species of greater galago [Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy 1812 and G. garnettii (Ogilby 1838)]

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