Prostaglandins are products of the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. There are five primary prostaglandins, PGD2, PGE2, PGF2, PGI2, and thromboxane B2, all of which signal through distinct seven transmembrane, G-protein coupled receptors. Some prostaglandins may counteract the actions of others, or even the same prostaglandin may have opposing physiologic or immunologic effects, depending on the specific receptor through which it signals. In this review, we will examine the effects of cyclooxygenase activity and the various prostaglandins on allergic airway inflammation and physiology that is associated with asthma. We also highlight the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting prostaglandins in allergic lung inflammation and asthma based on basic science, animal model, and human studies.