“…46,47 Accumulating evidence suggests that cytosolic NME/NDPKs NME1 but also often NME2, interact with and affect different components and regulators of the cytoskeleton, including actin-binding proteins, intermediate filaments, and cytoskeleton attachment structures (adherens junctions, desmosomes, and focal adhesions) in cells from a variety of organisms and tissues, and in the course of development, suggesting that this association is evolutionarily conserved and may serve an essential function. [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] The interactions of NDPK with components of the cytoskeletal machinery are highly relevant, given the well-established role of the cytoskeleton in cell motility, a critical determinant of the metastasis process. NME1 has also been reported to bind proteins belonging to small and heterotrimeric G-proteins ( [56][57][58][59][60][61] ; and Filic 62 upcoming issue; Abu-Taha et al, 63 this issue), transcriptional complexes ( 64-69 ; Sharma et al, 70 Pandey and Robertson, 71 and Puts et al, 72 all in this issue), and components of signaling pathways of MAPK, [73][74][75] TGF-β [76][77][78] and Notch, 79 as well as other factors promoting invasion and metastasis ( 80,81 ; Ferrucci et al 82 upcoming issue).…”