Cytoplasmic conductivity as a marker for bioprocess monitoring: Study of Chinese hamster ovary cells under nutrient deprivation and reintroduction

Abstract

The ability to monitor the status of cells during nutrient limitation is important for optimizing bioprocess growth conditions in batch and fed‐batch cultures. The activity level of Na+/K+ ATPase pumps and cytoplasm ionic concentrations are directly influenced by the nutrient level, and thus, cytoplasm conductivity can be used as a markerless indicator of cell status. In this work, we monitored the change in cytoplasm conductivity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells during nutrient deprivation and reintroduction. Employing single cell dielectrophoresis, the change in cytoplasm conductivity was measured over a 48‐hr period. The conditions under which the cytoplasm conductivity would recover to a normal level after nutrient reintroduction was determined. In addition, numerical simulations of cell ion flux, for different levels of Na+/K+ ATPase pump inhibition, were used to predict the minimum conductivity expected for nutrient‐deprived CHO cells. This predicted value is close to the minimum observed experimental cytoplasm conductivity for CHO cells that maintain the ability to restore the cytoplasm conductivity to the normal viable levels when nutrients are reintroduced. The recovery of starved cells was verified by reintroducing them to nutrient for 36 hr and measuring their proliferation using trypan blue exclusion assay. We conclude that cytoplasm conductivity can be used as a marker to indicate whether cells are in a recoverable state, such that the reintroduction of nutrients results in cells returning to a normal healthy state.

Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Based on UHF-Dielectrophoresis for Stemness Phenotype Characterization and Discrimination among Glioblastoma Cells

“…In order to predict cells' behavior with an applied electric field, it is helpful to have a simplified model of a biological cell. The Figure 2 presents a schematic of a cell and its commonly used associated single-shell model associated where the cell membrane and cytoplasm are represented by a shell and a core with their own complex permittivity [8][9][10].…”

Microfluidic Lab-On-a-Chip based on UHF-Dielectrophoresis for Stemness Phenotype Characterization and Discrimination among Glioblastoma Cells

“…In order to predict cell's behavior with an applied electric field, it is helpful to have a simplified model of a biological cell. The Figure 2 presents a schematic of a cell and its commonly used associated single-shell model associated where the cell membrane and cytoplasm are representing by a shell and a core with their own complex permittivity [7][8][9]. Indeed, the single-shell model considers the cytoplasm and its content as a homogeneous dielectric sphere enveloped by the plasma membrane.…”

Rapid at‐line early cell death quantification using capacitance spectroscopy

“…During apoptosis, blebbing and loss of microvilli features occur, affecting the membrane capacitance (Patel & Markx, 2008; Wang et al, 2002). Cytoplasmic conductivity was also reported to vary during glucose deprivation‐induced cell death (Fazelkhah et al, 2019). These apoptosis‐related changes likely incur variations in capacitance spectra shape.…”