Cytoplasmic access by intracellular bacterial pathogens

Fredlund, Jennifer; Enninga, Jost

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.01.003

Cited by 59 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The distinction between whether an intracellular pathogen is either 'vacuolar' or 'cytosolic' is becoming blurred [99]. At least in epithelial cells, Salmonella should be considered as occupying both niches.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella enterica: living a double life in epithelial cells

Knodler

2015

Current Opinion in Microbiology

103

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella enterica: living a double life in epithelial cells

Knodler

2015

Current Opinion in Microbiology

103

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“…Initially identified as a select group, emerging evidence indicates that many typical vacuolar pathogens can adopt a cytoplasmic phenotype (25). The cytosolic location appears advantageous compared to the luminal vacuole, the former being richer in nutrient supply and devoid of the microbicidal lysosomal components (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(22, 23), or (ii) rupture and escape their vacuole to reside and replicate in the host cytosol, as in the case of Shigella , Listeria , and Rickettsia subspp. (22, 24, 25). Recent findings have challenged this canonical classification, as populations of vacuolar and cytosolic pathogens have been observed to escape to the cytosol or reenter endocytic compartments, respectively (25), underscoring the uniqueness of each intracellular pathogen in creating a safe niche for replication within its host.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intracellular Vibrio parahaemolyticus Escapes the Vacuole and Establishes a Replicative Niche in the Cytosol of Epithelial Cells

Santos

Orth

2014

mBio

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a globally disseminated Gram-negative marine bacterium and the leading cause of seafood-borne acute gastroenteritis. Pathogenic bacterial isolates encode two type III secretion systems (T3SS), with the second system (T3SS2) considered the main virulence factor in mammalian hosts. For many decades, V. parahaemolyticus has been studied as an exclusively extracellular bacterium. However, the recent characterization of the T3SS2 effector protein VopC has suggested that this pathogen has the ability to invade, survive, and replicate within epithelial cells. Herein, we characterize this intracellular lifestyle in detail. We show that following internalization, V. parahaemolyticus is contained in vacuoles that develop into early endosomes, which subsequently mature into late endosomes. V. parahaemolyticus then escapes into the cytoplasm prior to vacuolar fusion with lysosomes. Vacuolar acidification is an important trigger for this escape. The cytoplasm serves as the pathogen’s primary intracellular replicative niche; cytosolic replication is rapid and robust, with cells often containing over 150 bacteria by the time of cell lysis. These results show how V. parahaemolyticus successfully establishes an intracellular lifestyle that could contribute to its survival and dissemination during infection.

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“…Xenophagy is an important immune response, through the direct and selective elimination of intracellular pathogens. Studies involving M. tuberculosis and Salmonella Typhimurium infection indicate that approximately 30% of intracellular bacteria are associated with autophagy markers [27, 28]. …”

Section: Autophagy In Pathogen Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to evade this process and facilitate their survival and replication, most bacteria (e.g., Coxiella, Chlamydia, Salmonella, Legionella, Mycobacterium ) adapt to or modulate the conditions of the phagosome, thereby establishing a vacuolar replication niche, and often concurrently block the fusion with the lysosome [29]. A percentage of these bacteria eventually become cytosolic because of failure to maintain vacuolar integrity, to obtain additional nutrients, or to spread to adjacent cells [27]. Other bacteria, including Shigella , Listeria , and Francisella quickly escape the vacuole and attempt to resist cytosolic host immune defense strategies.…”

Section: Autophagy In Pathogen Defensementioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy and checkpoints for intracellular pathogen defense

Paulus

Xavier

2015

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

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Purpose of review Autophagy plays a crucial role in intracellular defense against various pathogens. Xenophagy is a form of selective autophagy that targets intracellular pathogens for degradation. In addition, several related yet distinct intracellular defense responses depend on autophagy-related (ATG) genes. This review gives an overview of these processes, pathogen strategies to subvert them, and their crosstalk with various cell death programs. Recent findings The recruitment of ATG proteins plays a key role in multiple intracellular defense programs, specifically xenophagy, LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), and the IFNγ-mediated elimination of pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii and murine norovirus. Recent progress has revealed methods employed by pathogens to resist these intracellular defense mechanisms and/or persist in spite of them. The intracellular pathogen load can tip the balance between cell survival and cell death. Further, it was recently observed that LAP is indispensable for the efficient clearance of dying cells. Summary Autophagy-dependent and ATG gene-dependent pathways are essential in intracellular defense against a broad range of pathogens.

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Cytoplasmic access by intracellular bacterial pathogens

Cited by 59 publications

References 95 publications

Salmonella enterica: living a double life in epithelial cells

Salmonella enterica: living a double life in epithelial cells

Intracellular Vibrio parahaemolyticus Escapes the Vacuole and Establishes a Replicative Niche in the Cytosol of Epithelial Cells

Autophagy and checkpoints for intracellular pathogen defense

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