Cytopathologic Findings in Breast Masses in Men with HIV Infection

Allen, Elizabeth; Parwani, Anil V.; Siddiqui, Momin T.; Clark, Douglas P.; Ali, Syed Z.

doi:10.1159/000326501

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…A rechallenge was not done. The gynecomastia was attributed to a cimetidine induced increase in estradiol due to impaired conversion to the inactive 2-hydroxy-estradiol product, as reported by Galbraith and Michnovicz [ 114 ]. However, as indicated above, hormone data were not obtained and based on the data obtained in reference [ 11 ], this explanation is unlikely.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Gynecomastia and drugs: a critical evaluation of the literature

Nuttall

Warrier

Gannon

2015

Eur J Clin Pharmacol

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PurposeA large number of medications have been implicated in the genesis of gynecomastia. However, gynecomastia is common in men, asymptomatic, increases with age, and is considered to be due to an increased estradiol/testosterone ratio. This complicates the interpretation of medication-related gynecomastia. Therefore, we have reviewed the literature in order to assess the data relating gynecomastia onset with utilization of specific medications.MethodsThe literature was searched in PubMed and the Ovid/Medline databases from the 1946 to January 2015 with the search terminology of “gynecomastia, drugs/medications.” A few other articles were found and included.ResultsOne hundred ten publications were reviewed. Sixty-three were single case reports. There were 24 population-based studies of which 8 were HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral agents. Among the case reports, 49 were for individual medications, and 2 were reports of antineoplastic or antiretroviral drug regimens. In the great majority, mastodynia with or without breast enlargement was present and referred to as gynecomastia. Generally, hormonal profiles could not explain the breast enlargement. The pain/tenderness and breast enlargement resolved spontaneously over time.ConclusionMany different medications have been associated with the presence of “gynecomastia.” Generally, it presents as a syndrome characterized by a single painful/tender breast (mastodynia) associated with breast enlargement and is transient. We suggest that these cases be referred to as an acute gynecomastia syndrome. This syndrome also occurs independent of medication use. Thus, in an individual patient, whether it is medication induced often remains uncertain. The pathogenesis remains unknown.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Gynecomastia and drugs: a critical evaluation of the literature

Nuttall

Warrier

Gannon

2015

Eur J Clin Pharmacol

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“…6 Pseudogynaecomastia can occur in patients with HIV associated lipodystrophy. HIV does not increase the risk for breast cancer, but HIV associated lymphoma can present as a lymphomatous breast mass.…”

Section: Sources and Selection Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men

Niewoehner

Schorer

2008

BMJ

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“…Possibilities in male patients include gynaecomastia, Kaposi sarcoma, tuberculomas and abscess 5 6. Various classes of drugs used in ART regimens have been documented to induce gynaecomastia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extranodal lymphoma masquerading as carcinoma of the breast in an HIV-positive male patient

et al. 2012

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SummaryThis report describes a male patient infected with the HIV, with antiretroviral therapy (ART)-induced gynaecomastia. He presented with a right-sided breast mass which clinically resembled a carcinoma. A core biopsy suggested non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of diffuse large B cell histology. Also presented are his 18-fluoro-deoxy-glucose -positron emission tomography (FDG PET)-CT scan findings which showed a highly avid mass (standardised uptake value (SUV) 34.5) in his right breast. In spite of a very good clinical response after the first cycle of chemotherapy, his disease relapsed at multiple sites and progressed early. This case illustrates the aggressive course of HIV-associated extranodal lymphomas, and also highlights the issues concerning the use of ART and chemotherapy. BACKGROUND

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Cytopathologic Findings in Breast Masses in Men with HIV Infection

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Gynecomastia and drugs: a critical evaluation of the literature

Gynecomastia and drugs: a critical evaluation of the literature

Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men

Extranodal lymphoma masquerading as carcinoma of the breast in an HIV-positive male patient

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