Cytomorphometric analysis of crack cocaine effects on the oral mucosa

Woyceichoski, Iverson Ernani Cogo; Arruda, Elcy Pinto de; Resende, Luciane Grochocki; Machado, Maria Ângela Naval; Grégio, Ana Maria Trindade; Azevedo, Luciana Reis; Lima, Antônio Adilson Soares de

doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.09.011

Cited by 30 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The inflammatory process can generate a microscopic picture identical to that found in the oral mucosa of diabetic patients. The findings may be understood by the presence of superficial erosions or ulcerations of the oral mucosa's squamous epithelium, which frequently occur in the course of inflammatory processes, such as diffuse stomatitis and gingivitis (2,10,14,15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exfoliative Cytology of Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Tozoğlu

Bilge

2010

ELECTRON J GEN MED

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exfoliative Cytology of Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Tozoğlu

Bilge

2010

ELECTRON J GEN MED

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“…The effects of heat and/or chemical components from tobacco and crack smoking can probably induce this response in the epithelium. 7 Regarding the duration of substance use, the experimental group consumed alcohol and tobacco for longer periods than the control group. Previous studies found that oral cancer was more prevalent in males who were smokers and drinkers, 28,29 although no association was found between lifetime marijuana use and the risk of head and neck cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 The nuclear area and the ratio between nuclear area and the cytoplasmic area of stratified squamous epithelium cells of the oral mucosa were reduced in cocaine or crack users; this reduction was associated with the higher rate of keratinization in these individuals. 7,8 Inflammatory changes were induced in the oral epithelium of cocaine/crack users. 8 When rubbed on the gum surface for rapid absorption, cocaine powder can cause mucosal irritation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Oral health assessment for users of marijuana and cocaine/crack substances

et al. 2017

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The objective of this study was to assess the oral health status of users of illicit drugs such as marijuana and cocaine/crack and compare it with individuals not using these chemical substances.Questionnaires were applied to 35 illicit drugs users to gather information on demographic status, general health, and use of drugs. Then, a clinical assessment of the oral health condition was performed to collect data on decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, salivary flow rate (SFR), and mucosal lesions. The control group was composed of 35 non-illicit drug users. In the experimental group, 91.43% were males, 80% were smokers, and 42.85% were alcoholics. Cocaine was the most common drug used (77.15%), followed by marijuana (68.6%), and crack (51.4%). The average DMFT index was 9.8 and the SFR was reduced in 60% of subjects. Mucosal alterations were detected, but no potentially malignant disorders or oral cancer were diagnosed. Compared to control group, significantly higher values for gender (40%, p = 0.0001), smoking (22.86%) and heavy drinking (5.7%) habits (p = 0.0001), SFR (31.4%; p = 0.0308), and oral lesions (p = 0.0488) were found for the experimental group, although significantly higher values were found in the control group for DMFT index (p = 0.0148). It can be concluded that the use of illicit drugs contributed to an increased prevalence of oral mucosa lesions. In addition, a decline on SFR and a reduced DMFT index was observed for illicit drug users.

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“…3 In the oral cavity, crack appears to generate heat, vasoconstriction, harmful effects to the immune response, and higher prevalence of periodontitis. 4,5,6,7 However, the occurrence of changes in salivary flow among crack users has not been fully clarified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between crack cocaine use and reduced salivary flow

et al. 2017

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Abstract:Crack cocaine use appears to have an impact on oral conditions. However, changes in the salivary flow among crack users have not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to compare stimulated salivary flow and the occurrence of hyposalivation between crack users and non-users. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 40 crack users and 40 controls matched for sex, age, and smoking habits. Interviews were conducted to acquire data on the perception of dry mouth (xerostomia) and drug use. Stimulated salivary flow was determined using the spitting method. A significant reduction in stimulated salivary flow was found among crack users in comparison to non-users (1.02 vs. 1.59 ml/min). A total of 42.5% and 15% of crack users had very low and low stimulated salivary flow, respectively. Moreover, 65% of users reported xerostomia in comparison to 37.5% non-users (p < 0.012). No significant association was found between xerostomia and hyposalivation (p = 0.384). A multivariate analysis revealed that individuals older than 26 years of age, those with a low household income, and crack users (prevalence ratio: 2.59) had a significant association with the occurrence of hyposalivation. A significant association was found between the use of crack and reduced salivary flow. The use of crack was associated with the occurrence of hyposalivation in the multivariate analysis.

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Cytomorphometric analysis of crack cocaine effects on the oral mucosa

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

Exfoliative Cytology of Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Exfoliative Cytology of Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Oral health assessment for users of marijuana and cocaine/crack substances

Association between crack cocaine use and reduced salivary flow

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