Cytomorphology of Deep Mycoses in Dogs and Cats

Dehghanpir, Shannon D.

doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.012

Cited by 4 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Indeed, fungal culture and subsequent appropriate techniques are indispensable to identify the exact species and assess its antifungal susceptibility. 1,2,5 In cats, current treatment recommendations for Exophiala infection are based on a very small number of cases and derive from recommendations in humans. 5,11 Whenever possible, surgical excision with wide margins should be performed; in the case of multiple lesions or disseminated infection, itraconazole should be prescribed pending results of the susceptibility test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, fungal culture and subsequent appropriate techniques are indispensable to identify the exact species and assess its antifungal susceptibility. 1,2,5…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deep mycoses comprise cutaneous and subcutaneous infections, sometimes as manifestations of a systemic disease caused by a diverse group of fungi and pseudofungi. 1 Three major aetiological categories of subcutaneous mycoses are recognised: phaeohyphomycosis, hyalohyphomycosis and eumycotic mycetoma. [2][3][4] Phaeohyphomycosis is caused by dematiaceous fungi that produce melaninpigmented hyphae and yeast-like forms in tissues and in culture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifocal cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala spinifera with clinical resolution in an immunocompromised cat

Kondratjeva

Pressanti

Reynolds

et al. 2023

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports

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Case summary A 3-year-old neutered domestic shorthair cat with a long history of idiopathic immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia treated with ciclosporin and prednisolone was referred 2 months after the appearance of nodular dermatitis. A single pigmented nodule was present in the lateral carpal region of the right foreleg. The lesion was 7 mm in diameter, non-exudative and cutaneous to subcutaneous. Fine-needle aspiration of the mass revealed the presence of pigmented fungal elements. Excisional surgery was planned; in the meantime, a plaque-like lesion developed in the interorbital region. Histopathological examination confirmed the presumptive diagnosis of phaeohyphomycosis, and Exophiala spinifera was identified as the aetiological agent. Itraconazole, given orally at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 8 weeks following surgery, enabled clinical resolution despite continued use of immunosuppressants. The follow-up was carried out over 14 weeks. Relevance and novel information This case report provides the first evidence of multifocal cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by E spinifera with clinical resolution after combined surgical and itraconazole treatment in an immunocompromised cat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, fungal culture and subsequent appropriate techniques are indispensable to identify the exact species and assess its antifungal susceptibility. 1,2,5…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Multifocal cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala spinifera with clinical resolution in an immunocompromised cat

Kondratjeva

Pressanti

Reynolds

et al. 2023

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports

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“…These pathogens have been associated with disease in dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. 8 Often manifested as chronic progressive subcutaneous skin lesions in these species, oomycosis is microscopically characterized as a mildly eosinophilic pyogranulomatous inflammation containing intralesional septate branching hyphae with non-parallel walls. 8,9 Pythium insidiosum infection has also been associated with gastrointestinal and pulmonary nodules in dogs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Often manifested as chronic progressive subcutaneous skin lesions in these species, oomycosis is microscopically characterized as a mildly eosinophilic pyogranulomatous inflammation containing intralesional septate branching hyphae with non-parallel walls. 8,9 Pythium insidiosum infection has also been associated with gastrointestinal and pulmonary nodules in dogs. 11,15 In humans, oomycosis occurs as skin and soft tissue, vascular, ocular, and disseminated disease caused by P. insidiosum , P. aphanidermatum , and Lagenidium spp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic identification of a novel oomycete cultured from a pyogranulomatous mass on the tail of a domestic cat

Bowman,

Gull,

Ulmanis

et al. 2023

J VET Diagn Invest

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We report here a transiently culturable oomycete pathogen isolated from a pyogranulomatous tail mass in a cat. The organism was morphologically and genetically distinct from Lagenidium and Pythium species. Following next-generation sequencing (NGS) and assembly of contigs, initial phylogenetic analysis using fragments of the cox1 mitochondrial gene identified this specimen as Paralagenidium sp. after nucleotide alignments with sequences obtained from the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). However, further analysis of a concatenation of 13 different mitochondrial genes showed that this organism is unique and different from all known oomycetes. A negative PCR result using primers targeting known oomycete pathogens may not be enough to rule out oomycosis in a suspected case. Additionally, the use of a single gene to classify oomycetes may produce misleading results. The advent of metagenomic sequencing and NGS provides a unique opportunity to further explore the diversity of oomycetes as plant and animal pathogens beyond the current capabilities of global barcoding projects that are based on partial genomic sequences.

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Hyphae, pseudohyphae, yeasts, spherules, spores, and more: A review on the morphology and pathology of fungal and oomycete infections in the skin of domestic animals

et al. 2023

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Fungi are among the most common infectious agents affecting the skin of animals. The skin can serve as a port of entry for fungal infections, which can eventually become disseminated. In some regions of the world, oomycetes, such as Pythium and Lagenidium, are also responsible for a significant number of severe cutaneous infections. Histologic evaluation of fungal morphology, including size, shape, septation, branching, and budding characteristics, combined with the distribution of inflammatory infiltrates within different skin layers can potentially identify etiologic agents, guiding selection of antifungals and additional diagnostics. Fungal infections of the skin surface are typically caused by Malassezia and rarely Candida, with opportunistic fungi also capable of colonizing the skin surface, especially when the barrier is broken. Folliculocentric infections, caused by dermatophytes, result in mild to severe inflammation and can occasionally penetrate deep into the skin. A wide range of fungi, including agents of hyalohyphomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, and dimorphic fungal infections, as well as oomycetes, result in nodular cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions. With the occasional exception of dimorphic fungi, fungal speciation often requires cultures performed on fresh tissues. However, molecular techniques such as pan-fungal polymerase chain reaction on paraffin blocks is becoming an increasingly useful tool to distinguish between cutaneous fungal pathogens. This review focuses on describing the clinical and histologic features of the most common fungal and oomycete infections affecting the skin of animals, divided according to distribution patterns of lesions and fungal or oomycete morphology.

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Cytomorphology of Deep Mycoses in Dogs and Cats

Cited by 4 publications

References 88 publications

Multifocal cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala spinifera with clinical resolution in an immunocompromised cat

Multifocal cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exophiala spinifera with clinical resolution in an immunocompromised cat

Metagenomic identification of a novel oomycete cultured from a pyogranulomatous mass on the tail of a domestic cat

Hyphae, pseudohyphae, yeasts, spherules, spores, and more: A review on the morphology and pathology of fungal and oomycete infections in the skin of domestic animals

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