Cytomegalovirus but not human T lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy associated virus detected by in situ hybridisation in retinal lesions in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Kennedy, Peter G. E.; Newsome, David A.; Hess, Jay L.; Narayan, Opendra; Suresch, Donna L.; Green, W. R.; Gallo, Robert C.; Polk, B. Frank

doi:10.1136/bmj.293.6540.162

Cited by 33 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Cytomegalovirus DNA has been detected in the retina (Kennedy et al 1986), ganciclovir can effectively suppress the disease process (Collaborative Study, 1986) and animal models are available (Hudson, 1979). Criteria 1, 3 and 4 are therefore satisfied.…”

Section: Retinitismentioning

confidence: 99%

The status of CMV as a human pathogen

Griffiths

Grundy

1988

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common infectious agent which is well adapted to its host. Following primary infection, which is almost always asymptomatic in people with normal immunity, the virus establishes latency at sites which are unknown. The virus is probably maintained in this latent state by immune surveillance mechanisms since immunosuppression frequently leads to reactivation of virus.Cytomegalovirus has been identified in most anatomical areas of the human body. The aim of this article is to define criteria for pathogenicity so that clinical and experimental data can be reviewed to determine if CMV is likely to cause disease at these various clinical sites. Thus, patients have been shown to die frequentlywithCMV but do they diefromit?

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Section: Retinitismentioning

confidence: 99%

The status of CMV as a human pathogen

Griffiths

Grundy

1988

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…Since viral particles have never been detected in axons either by electron microscopy 25 , 73 or in situ hybridization, 74 HIV neuropathy may be secondary to invasion by infected macrophages rather than direct damage due to HIV. 25 In a manner similar to that proposed for retinal damage, invading macrophages may damage optic nerve axons by releasing neurotrophic factors (enzymes or cytokines), or directly releasing virions, enveloping glycoproteins, or inflammatory mediators.…”

Section: Neuro-ophthalmologic Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human immunodeficiency virus and its effects on the visual system

Stewart

2012

Infect Dis Rep

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During the first 15 years of the AIDS epidemic patients experienced a high incidence of blindness due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and other severe ocular opportunistic infections. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy, introduced in 1996, dramatically decreased the incidence of CMV retinitis. Though CMV retinitis still causes 40% of vision loss in AIDS patients, other conditions such as immune reconstitution uveitis, cataracts, and a significant othercategory -which most investigators believe is directly due to HIV - comprise the majority of cases. HIV causes vascular abnormalities of the conjunctiva and retina in the majority of AIDS patients, as well as retinitis, anterior and posterior uveitis and vasculitis. HIV frequently causes an optic neuropathy and is responsible for the majority of eye movement disorders among HIV patients. Physicians need to be aware that these problems may be the initial manifestation of HIV infections or a sign of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) failure. Therefore, patients with identifiable risk factors for AIDS who present with ophthalmologic conditions of unknown etiology should be considered for HIV testing. Finally, anti-retroviral therapy has been reported to cause asymptomatic deposits as well as degenerative conditions of both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.

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“…Since viral particles have never been detected in axons either by electron microscopy 25,73 or in situ hybridization, 74 HIV neuropathy may be secondary to invasion by infected macrophages rather than direct damage due to HIV. 25 In a manner similar to that proposed for retinal damage, invading macrophages may damage optic nerve axons by releasing neurotrophic factors (enzymes or cytokines), or directly releasing virions, enveloping glycoproteins, or inflammatory mediators.…”

Section: Neuro-ophthalmologic Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%