Cytolysis of Chattonella subsalsa by aponin

The Cytolytic Substance Aponin on Prymnesium parvum and Ptychodiscus brevis, a Comparative Study

“…Comparative studies (Moon and Martin 1980) suggest an interaction with the cell membrane is required to initiate lytic activity. This would render aponin as a control substance when applied only toward naked, unarmored cells at low doses, Recent studies with Chattonella subsalsa, a naked flagellate and Japanese red tide organism, support this hypothesis (Halvorson and Martin 1981). In these studies, cytolysis of C. subsalsa was initiated at 25 μΐ with 100% kill at 75 μΐ of aponin.…”

Chemistry in Ecology: An Editorial Review

“…Hidu et al, 1978; Morseet al, 1979; Derby and Atema, 1980; Selset and Doving, 1980), cytolytic and neurotoxic agents by blue-green algae and dinoflagellates (e.g. Dale and Yentsch, 1978; Eng-Wilmot and Martin, 1979; McCoy et al, 1979; Moon and Martin, 1979; Halvorson and Martin, 1980), and allergens by blue-green algae and bryozoans (e.g. Audebert and Lamoureux, 1978; Solomon and Stoughton, 1978).…”

“…It has been found that dinoflagellates are sensitive to aponin a toxin produced by the blue-green alga Gomphosphaeria aponina (Kutt and Martin, 1975;Halvorson and Martin, 1980) and investigations of the mass culture and potential for use of G. aponina are now actively pursued Martin, 1977a, b, 1979;McCoy et al, 1979;Moon and Martin, 1979). Yet another insight comes from physiological and toxicity studies, thus the uptake of glucose by bacteria is influenced by the phosphate concentration (Overbeck and Toth, 1978) and the importance of humic materials in the speciation and availability of trace metals (e.g.…”

“…Berger el a/., 1979; Hanusova and Havlik, 1979), fatty acids and lipids (including sterols which Morris and Culkin (1977) noted are present in many organisms) by bacteria, phytoflagellates, bivalves and fish (e.g. Billmire and Aaronson, 1976; Teshima and Kanazawa, 1978; Yano and Ishio, 1978; Gauthier et a/., 1978; Halvorson and Martin, 1980), glycollic acid and glycollates by algae (e.g. Bolze and Soeder, 1978;Colman, 1978), carbohydrates by algae, nannoplankton, diatoms and fish Orr, 1962, 1964 Mague et al, 1980), peptides by algae (e.g.…”

“…Some 4 years have since passed and an examination of it might be apposite, particularly in view of the widespread occurrence, economic and public health implications of the phenomenon (e.g. Woodcock, 1948; Kim ef al., 1976; Dale and Yentsch, 1978;Boalch, 1979;Ottway el al., 1979): indeed, financial losses of the order of $5 x 109 and $9 x 109 have been incurred in fisheries off Florida and in the Set0 Sea respectively (Halvorson and Martin, 1980). If the marine wetlands do act as a moderator of this phenomenon, it would be advisable to balance the alleged advantages of reclamation against such serious losses.…”