Summary:Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a major cause of morbidity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Many therapies have been investigated to prevent or treat HC, but effective treatment for HC is still limited. While the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been established for HC due to chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, its role in HC occurring after allogeneic BMT has yet to be defined. We report two cases of life-threatening late-onset HC after allogeneic BMT in children, which resolved after treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Bone Marrow Transplantation (2001) 27, 1315-1317. Keywords: hemorrhagic cystitis; hyperbaric oxygen; allogeneic bone marrow transplantation; children Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a major complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Severe cystitis has been reported to occur in about 5% of bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients. Allogeneic BMT, grade II-IV graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), use of busulfan (Bu), age at transplantation and adenovirus infection increase the risk of severe HC. 1 Many therapeutic approaches have been tried to control pain and bleeding due to HC; despite this, HC can lead to bladder tamponade requiring surgical intervention, and can contribute to death. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been used extensively in hypoxic tissue in an attempt to stimulate angiogenesis and prompt healing. HBO has been used successfully in the treatment of radiation or cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced HC. 2,3 This is the first report in patients with intractable HC after allogeneic BMT who were controlled by HBO.
Case histories
Case 1An eight-year-old boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia in third remission underwent BMT from an HLA-matched unrelated donor in June 1998. He received a conditioning regimen of Bu 4 mg/kg/day for 4 days, CY 60 mg/kg/day for 2 days, and etoposide 60 mg/kg/day for 1 day. Cyclosporine A (CsA) and prednisolone were administered for GVHD prophylaxis. The clinical course after BMT is shown in Figure 1. By the fifth week after BMT, trilineage engraftment was confirmed. The patient did not develop acute GVHD. At day +4 he had developed dysuria, suprapubic pain and macrohematuria. On day +70 he developed gross hematuria with clots and an abundant residue of bladder mucus. Adenovirus was not cultured from the urine, and HC was not attributed to polyomavirus infection because characteristic morphologic changes in the urinary sediment were not seen in conjunction with the urine culture being negative for other pathogens. During the next 9 weeks, gross hematuria continued, and the patient required seven transfusions of packed red blood cells and 33 transfusion of platelets. Despite conservative treatment with continuous bladder irrigation and intravesicular maalox and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), he developed bladder tamponade on days +78 and +118 after BMT requiring emergency cystostomy and evacuation of hematomas. Post-renal failure developed, and he was referred for HBO therapy after bilateral tympanostomies. The patient was ...