Cytologic Evaluation of Breast Secretions

Papanicolaou, George N.; Bader, G; Holmquist, Doris G.; Falk, Emil A.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1956.tb32146.x

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Many studies have shown that finding atypical hyperplasia of the breast ductal epithelium is associated with an increased risk of subsequent development of breast cancer [1-7]. Wrensch and colleagues have observed in a prospective trial that NAF production and NAF atypia in a screening population are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finding microscopic evidence of ductal epithelial atypia/atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) has been shown in previous epidemiologic studies to be a predictor of future breast cancer development in an individual woman. [1-10] This increased risk has been identified using random peri-areolar fine needle aspiration (FNA), tissue biopsy or nipple secretion samples for assessment of cytologic atypia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytologic features of nipple aspirate fluid using an automated non-invasive collection device: a prospective observational study

2005

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BackgroundDetection of cytologic atypia in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) has been shown to be a predictor of risk for development of breast carcinoma. Manual collection of NAF for cytologic evaluation varies widely in terms of efficacy, ease of use, and patient acceptance. We investigated a new automated device for the non-invasive collection of NAF in the office setting.MethodsA multi-center prospective observational clinical trial involving asymptomatic women designed to assess fluid production, adequacy, safety and patient acceptance of the HALO NAF Collection System (NeoMatrix, Irvine, CA). Cytologic evaluation of all NAF samples was performed using previously described classification categories.Results500 healthy women were successfully enrolled. Thirty-eight percent (190/500) produced fluid and 187 were available for cytologic analysis. Cytologic classification of fluid producers showed 50% (93/187) Category 0 (insufficient cellular material), 38% (71/187) Category I (benign non-hyperplastic ductal epithelial cells), 10% (18/187) Category II (benign hyperplastic ductal epithelial cells), 3% (5/187) Category III (atypical ductal epithelial cells) and none were Category IV (unequivocal malignancy). Overall, 19% of the subjects produced NAF with adequate cellularity and 1% were found to have cytologic atypia.ConclusionThe HALO system is a simple, safe, rapid, automated method for standardized collection of NAF which is acceptable to patients. Cytologic assessment of HALO-collected NAF showed the ability to detect benign and pre-neoplastic ductal epithelial cells from asymptomatic volunteers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytologic features of nipple aspirate fluid using an automated non-invasive collection device: a prospective observational study

2005

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“…A major hurdle during this period was the lack of knowledge about factors that influence the cellular composition of breast milk, such as the stage of lactation or the health status of the mother and infant, which may have contributed to the classification controversy between early investigators. In the mid-20th century, Smith and Goldman (46,47) and Holmquist and Papanicolaou (48,49) revealed that colostrum is rich in leukocytes, but that it also contains epithelial cells. It was then that mammary secretions were used to noninvasively access cells from the mammary epithelium, not only in healthy lactating women, but also in women with breast cancer.…”

Section: The Cellular Nature Of Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Cell–Mediated Protection of the Mammary Gland and the Infant during Breastfeeding

Hassiotou

Geddes

2015

Advances in Nutrition

111

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Breastfeeding has been regarded first and foremost as a means of nutrition for infants, providing essential components for their unique growth and developmental requirements. However, breast milk is also rich in immunologic factors, highlighting its importance as a mediator of protection. In accordance with its evolutionary origin, the mammary gland offers via the breastfeeding route continuation of the maternal to infant immunologic support established in utero. At birth, the infant's immune system is immature, and although it was exposed to the maternal microbial flora during pregnancy, it experiences an abrupt change in its microbial environment during and after birth, which is challenging and renders the infant highly susceptible to infection. Active and passive immunity protects the infant via breast milk, which is rich in immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, cytokines, and numerous other immunologic factors, including maternal leukocytes. Breast milk leukocytes provide active immunity and promote development of immunocompetence in the infant. Additionally, it has been speculated that they play a role in the protection of the mammary gland from infection. Leukocytes are thought to exert these functions via phagocytosis, secretion of antimicrobial factors and/or antigen presentation in both the mammary gland and the gastrointestinal tract of the infant, and also in other infant tissues, where they are transported via the systemic circulation. Recently, it has been demonstrated that breast milk leukocytes respond dynamically to maternal as well as infant infections, and are fewer in nonexclusively compared with exclusively breastfeeding dyads, further emphasizing their importance for both the mother and infant. This review summarizes the current knowledge of human milk leukocytes and factors influencing them, and presents recent novel findings supporting their potential as a diagnostic marker for infections of the lactating breast and of the breastfed infant.

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“…His observations were later confirmed by Donné (1838) (27) and Henle (1841) (28). Investigators in subsequent years speculated as to the nature of these cells, some classifying them as epithelial, others as immune/mesenchymal or a mix of both (29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34). However, it is only recently, with advancements in single cell analysis and characterization, that we are beginning to appreciate the nature and properties of the heterogeneous cellular composition of human milk.…”

Section: The Cellular Composition Of Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

At the Dawn of a New Discovery: The Potential of Breast Milk Stem Cells

Hassiotou

Hartmann

2014

Advances in Nutrition

102

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Breast milk contains bioactive molecules that provide a multitude of immunologic, developmental and nutritional benefits to the infant. Less attention has been placed on the cellular nature of breast milk, which contains thousands to millions of maternal cells in every milliliter that the infant ingests. What are the properties and roles of these cells? Most studies have examined breast milk cells from an immunologic perspective, focusing specifically on the leukocytes, mainly in the early postpartum period. In the past decade, research has taken a multidimensional approach to investigating the cells of human milk. Technologic advances in single cell analysis and imaging have aided this work, which has resulted in the breakthrough discovery of stem cells in breast milk with multilineage potential that are transferred to the offspring during breastfeeding. This has generated numerous implications for both infant and maternal health and regenerative medicine. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on breast milk stem cells, and discusses their known in vitro and in vivo attributes as well as potential functions and applications.

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Cytologic Evaluation of Breast Secretions

Abstract: and the Breast Clinics of Memoriul Hospital, New York, N . Y .

Cited by 26 publications

References 6 publications

Cytologic features of nipple aspirate fluid using an automated non-invasive collection device: a prospective observational study

Cytologic features of nipple aspirate fluid using an automated non-invasive collection device: a prospective observational study

Immune Cell–Mediated Protection of the Mammary Gland and the Infant during Breastfeeding

At the Dawn of a New Discovery: The Potential of Breast Milk Stem Cells

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