Cytokinins influence bulblet formation by modulating sugar metabolism and endogenous hormones in Asiatic hybrid lily

Bulbil initiation: a comprehensive review on resources, development, and utilisation, with emphasis on molecular mechanisms, advanced technologies, and future prospects

“…In the Asiatic hybrid lily, IAA does not act alone. Its ratio to zeatin (a cytokinin) suggests that IAA may cooperate with ZT; the content of IAA showed a significant negative correlation with the bulblet initiation rate ( Liang et al., 2023 ). In Lilium oriental hybrid ‘Sorbonne’, IAA application could induce the generation of bulbils ( Li et al., 2019 ).…”

“…This is not contradictory because the time of transcription from the gene is ahead of the time of CK synthesis, while CK degradation proceeds simultaneously. Histidine kinase (AHK) is associated with the transduction of CK, and AHK2 is significantly upregulated during bulbil initiation ( Liang et al., 2023 ) ( Figure 6 ).…”

“…Correspondingly, genes, during bulbil initiation, such as invertase (INV) , fructokinase (FRK) , and phosphogs invertase (PGM) , the genes were not up-regulated, which proved that sucrose synthesis plays an important role in bulbil initiation ( Li et al., 2022 ). In Asiatic hybrid lily , CPPU and 2-iP treatment promoted bulbil initiation, during which the sucrose synthase SUS 1/2 was upregulated and sucrose cell wall invertase (CWIN 1/4) expression was inhibited ( Liang et al., 2023 ). In Pinellia ternata , enzymes sucrose synthase (SUS) , ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 1/3 (ENPP) , glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (glgc) , starch synthase (glgA) , granule-bound starch synthase (WAXY) , 1,4-alphaglucan branching enzyme (GBE1), beta-amylase(BAM), sucrase-isomaltase (SI), maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM), isoamylase(ISA), cellulose synthase (bcsA), edg , the activity of and BGL is closely associated with the metabolism of starch and sucrose.…”