Cytokinin Regulates Compound Leaf Development in Tomato

Shani, Eilon; Ben-Gera, Hadas; Shleizer-Burko, Sharona; Burko, Yogev; Weiss, David; Ori, Naomi

doi:10.1105/tpc.110.078253

Cited by 168 publications

(230 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…S3), indicating that lanolin paste treatment had only local effects within a leaf, although phyllotaxis can be altered. Consistently, adaxial IAA treatment was able to induce a shift of auxin signaling, indicated by the synthetic pDR5::3×Venus-N7 reporter (27), to the adaxial domain in tomato ( Fig. S4 A and B).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 51%

Auxin depletion from leaf primordia contributes to organ patterning

Wang

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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Stem cells are responsible for organogenesis, but it is largely unknown whether and how information from stem cells acts to direct organ patterning after organ primordia are formed. It has long been proposed that the stem cells at the plant shoot apex produce a signal, which promotes leaf adaxial-abaxial (dorsoventral) patterning. Here we show the existence of a transient low auxin zone in the adaxial domain of early leaf primordia. We also demonstrate that this adaxial low auxin domain contributes to leaf adaxial-abaxial patterning. The auxin signal is mediated by the auxin-responsive transcription factor MONOPTEROS (MP), whose constitutive activation in the adaxial domain promotes abaxial cell fate. Furthermore, we show that auxin flow from emerging leaf primordia to the shoot apical meristem establishes the low auxin zone, and that this auxin flow contributes to leaf polarity. Our results provide an explanation for the hypothetical meristem-derived leaf polarity signal. Opposite to the original proposal, instead of a signal derived from the meristem, we show that a signaling molecule is departing from the primordium to the meristem to promote robustness in leaf patterning. Extensive molecular genetic studies of more than a decade have identified a transcriptional regulatory network containing several adaxially or abaxially expressed leaf abaxial-and adaxialpromoting genes (1-6). These genes encode transcription factors and small RNAs, and their domain-specific expression patterns are required for adaxial-abaxial asymmetric cell differentiation and lamina expansion. Regulatory genes expressed in the abaxial domain suppress those expressed in the adaxial domain and vice versa. MicroRNAs 165 and 166 (MiR165/166) and transcription factor-encoding KANADI (KAN) genes are expressed in the abaxial domain and restrict the expression of class III homeo-

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 51%

Auxin depletion from leaf primordia contributes to organ patterning

Wang

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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“…Thus, part of the difference between the simple Arabidopsis and the compound tomato leaf appears to stem from events that take place at the very first stages of leaf development. Tomato also differs from Arabidopsis in its sensitivity to miR319 activity during late stages of leaf development (Efroni et al, 2008), in agreement with the late expression of LA and the maintenance of morphogenetic capacity until very late stages of tomato leaf development (Shani et al, 2010) (this study). Our results suggest a dual role for LA-like proteins in developing tomato leaves: promoting the transition from PM to SM and keeping the morphogenetic activity of the leaf margin in check throughout development.…”

Section: Variations In Leaf Growth and Maturation Among Speciesmentioning

confidence: 70%

Dynamic growth program regulated by LANCEOLATE enables flexible leaf patterning

et al. 2011

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SUMMARYDuring their development, leaves progress through a highly controlled yet flexible developmental program. Transcription factors from the CIN-TCP family affect leaf shape by regulating the timing of leaf maturation. Characterization of mutants in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) CIN-TCP gene LANCEOLATE (LA) led us to hypothesize that a threshold LA-like activity promotes leaf differentiation. Here, we examined the relationship between LA activity, leaf maturation, and final leaf size and shape. Leaves of diverse shapes from various Solanaceae species or from different positions on the tomato plant differed in the timing of growth and maturation, and these were often associated with altered LA expression dynamics. Accordingly, genetic manipulations of LA activity in tomato altered leaf growth and maturation, leading to changes in leaf size and shape. LA expression sustained until late stages of tomato leaf development, and stage-specific overexpression of miR319, a negative regulator of CIN-TCP genes, confirmed that LA-like proteins affect leaf development through these late stages. Together, our results imply that dynamic spatial and temporal leaf maturation, coordinated by LA-like genes, enables the formation of variable leaf forms.

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“…4). Interestingly, GA and cytokinin were both shown to modulate this late morphogenetic activity in tomato (Shani et al, 2010;Yanai et al, 2011). Cumulatively, these studies suggest that the flexibility of leaf shape is achieved by tuning the balance between hormones that promote indeterminate state, such as cytokinin, and hormones that promote differentiation, such as GA.…”

Section: Hormones Affecting the Balance Between Morphogenesis And Difmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Interestingly, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves that overexpress the Arabidopsis KNOXI gene BP acquire characteristics of indeterminate growth, which is associated with the accumulation of specific types of cytokinins (Frugis et al, 2001). Cytokinin was also shown to be involved in the maintenance of prolonged morphogenetic activity in the tomato leaf margin (Shani et al, 2010). Genetic and molecular analysis indicated that cytokinin acts downstream of KNOXI activity in delaying leaf maturation.…”

Section: Hormones Affecting the Balance Between Morphogenesis And Difmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf development and morphogenesis

2014

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The development of plant leaves follows a common basic program that is flexible and is adjusted according to species, developmental stage and environmental circumstances. Leaves initiate from the flanks of the shoot apical meristem and develop into flat structures of variable sizes and forms. This process is regulated by plant hormones, transcriptional regulators and mechanical properties of the tissue. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of how these factors modulate leaf development to yield a substantial diversity of leaf forms. We discuss these issues in the context of leaf initiation, the balance between morphogenesis and differentiation, and patterning of the leaf margin.

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Cytokinin Regulates Compound Leaf Development in Tomato

Cited by 168 publications

References 86 publications

Auxin depletion from leaf primordia contributes to organ patterning

Auxin depletion from leaf primordia contributes to organ patterning

Dynamic growth program regulated by LANCEOLATE enables flexible leaf patterning

Leaf development and morphogenesis

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