Cytokines in proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Abstract

SummaryThis study determined the presence of interleukin 1 (IL-l), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor ex (TNFex), tumour necrosis factor � (TNF�), interferon y (IFNy), transforming growth factor �2 (TGF�2) and fibroblast proliferation activity (FPA) in vitreous aspirates from eyes undergoing vitrectomy for the treatment of ret inal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) or uncom plicated retinal detachment (RD). Cadaveric vitreous from normal subjects were used as controls. The results showed that IL-1 and IL-6 predominated in vitreous from eyes with PVR or RD, and that concentrations of IL-6 >20 pg/ml were more frequently found in PVR than in RD (p = 0.031) or control specimens (p = 0.006). Low levels of TNFex were observed in 4/18 eyes with PVR, 1/15 eyes with RD and 1/15 control vitreous, and small concentrations of TNFex were seen in 3/18 eyes with PVR, 1/15 eyes with RD and 2/15 control vitreous. IFNy was detected in 12/18 eyes with PVR, but only in 5/15 eyes with RD (p = 0.048) and 6/15 control specimens. TGF�2 was present in all vitreous samples at concentrations ranging from 100 to 4,500 pg/ml with no significant differences among the three groups. Control vitreous possessed the greatest FPA when compared with vitreous from eyes with PVR (p = 0.031) or RD (p = 0.048). These observations provide further evidence that cytokine mediated pathways of inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of PVR and point to the possible involvement of IL-l, IL-6 and IFNy in cellular interactions lead ing to chronicity.

Determination of vitreous interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

“…Several studies have addressed the recent hypothesis that the reduced angiogenesis of PDR is due to the release of growth factors and interleukins from the ischaemic retina. [12][13][14][15][16] Abnormal production of Table 1 The levels of IL-1b and TNF-a in patients with PDR and controls…”

“…15,21 Studies of vitreous and serum IL-1b concentrations in patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and PDR have come to different conclusions. 14,22,23 Kaufmann et al 23 showed an increased vitreous IL-6 in 29% of patients with PDR, but did not detect any IL-1b.…”

Retinal degeneration is delayed by tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 in RCS rats and a sodium-iodate-induced model in rabbits

“…Growth factors such as basic FGF can partially rescue retinal degeneration; however, the growth stimulatory effects on other cell types are problematic. 7,8,[10][11][12]30 Although further studies are necessary, in the light of our observations, we believe TFPI-2 can be utilized without such adverse effects in the treatment of retinal degeneration. Quantitative analysis revealed that the ONL thickness in the rTFPI-2-treated eyes was significantly more than the control eyes (Mann-Whitney U test; P ¼ 0.011).…”

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that the retinal degeneration in an animal model is partly rescued by several growth factors, including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), presumably by inhibiting the apoptotic process. 1,2 However, these factors stimulate proliferation of fibroblast 3 and vascular endothelial cells, 4 and are involved in detrimental processes such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy [5][6][7][8] and preretinal or subretinal neovascularization, [9][10][11][12] suggesting that other compounds without the adverse effect of fibroblast or endothelial growth are necessary to achieve the establishment of pharmaceutical therapy for the retinal degeneration.…”

Simple retinal detachments: identifying the at-risk case

“…1,2 It is a complex process comprised of events that are similar to those of the wound healing response with inflammation, migration and proliferation of a variety of cells. [3][4][5] These membranes can exert traction and reopen previously closed retinal breaks, create new breaks, and distort or obscure the macula.…”