Cytokines in Cancer Immunotherapy

Sudan, Raki

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-3350-1_10

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 78 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Through transcriptome sequencing, we can obtain the expression data of different genes in tumor samples, and obtain the expression levels of various cells in tumor immune microenvironment through the corresponding bioinformatics software, so as to classify the TME and identify the infiltrating immune cells. Known immunotherapies include: oncolytic viruses that use genetically modified viruses to infect tumor cells and thus stimulate a pro-inflammatory environment to enhance systemic antitumor immunity (38); cancer vaccines, using tumor-specific antigens to trigger T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses (39); cytokine therapy, which can rapidly propagate immune signals, resulting in immune-response against target antigens (40). Adoptive cell transfer against tumor cells by using autoimmune cells to expand in vitro and re-transfer in vivo (41); ICP inhibitors that reactivate anti-tumor immune responses by blocking coinhibitory signaling (42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of a competing endogenous RNA network related to the prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma and comprehensive analysis of the immunological correlation

Wang

Zhou²,

Zuo

et al. 2021

J Gastrointest Oncol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant tumor of the digestive system, with occult onset in the early stage, a high degree of malignancy in the late stage, and poor prognosis. At present, the pathogenesis of CCA is not clear, and there is a lack of effective immunotherapy. The purpose of this study was to identify the potential regulatory mechanism of CCA and analyze the possibility of its related immunotherapy. Methods:The circular RNAs (circRNAs) expression profile data of CCA was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database; the miRNA and mRNA expression profile data of CCA were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Prognostic factors were screened by univariate Cox regression analysis, and the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed via survival analysis. Multivariate Cox analysis was used to screen the independent prognostic factors and construct a prognostic correlation subnetwork. Analyzing the tumor microenvironment of CCA and survival analysis were performed according to the score of the microenvironment, and the distribution of tumor infiltrating immune cells (TICs) in CCA was calculated using the CIBERSORT algorithm. We explored the expression pattern of the target genes in pan-cancer, and the correlation between the key genes in the ceRNA subnetwork, TICs and immune checkpoints was analyzed using an online database. Finally, the expression levels of target genes were validated based on the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases.Results: We screened four circRNAs, 10 miRNAs, and 17 mRNAs with significant differences, and constructed the ceRNA network. Independent prognostic factors were screened by multivariate Cox regression analysis, and a subnetwork containing five nodes (hsa_circ_0002073→hsa-mir-4524a-3p→SLC16A3/SLC35E4/DDX4) was constructed. Further analysis showed that SLC16A3 was not only an independent posterior factor of CCA, but was also closely correlated with immune cells, immune checkpoints, and immunotherapy, and had a certain regulatory effect on the tumor microenvironment.Conclusions: Our study identified a novel prognostic marker of CCA, SLC16A3, and revealed the regulatory role of SLC16A3 in the tumor microenvironment, which is expected to provide new insights for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of CCA.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of a competing endogenous RNA network related to the prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma and comprehensive analysis of the immunological correlation

Wang

Zhou²,

Zuo

et al. 2021

J Gastrointest Oncol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Cancer Immunotherapy: Diverse Approaches and Obstacles

Sanatkar

Heidari

Rezaei

2022

CPD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cancer immunotherapy approaches have progressed significantly during the last decade due to the significant improvement of our understanding of immunologic evasion of malignant cells. Depending on the type, stage, and grade of cancer, distinct immunotherapy approaches are being designed and recommended; each is different in efficacy and adverse effects. Malignant cells can adopt multiple strategies to alter the normal functioning of the immune system in recognizing and eliminating them. These strategies include secreting different immunosuppressive factors, polarizing tumor microenvironment cells to immunosuppressive ones, and interfering with the normal function of the antigen processing machinery (APM). In this context, careful evaluation of immune surveillance has led to a better understanding of the roles of cytokines, including IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, interferon-α (IFN-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in cancer formation and their potential application in cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), adoptive cell therapy approaches, immune checkpoint blockade, and cancer vaccines also play significant roles in cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, the development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/CAS9) as an outstanding genome editing tool resolved many obstacles in cancer immunotherapy. In this regard, this review aimed to investigate the impacts of different immunotherapy approaches and their potential roles in the current and future roads of cancer treatment. Whatever the underlying solution for treating highly malignant cancers is, it seems that solving the question is nowhere near an achievement unless the precise cooperation of basic science knowledge with our translational experience.

show abstract

Cytokines in Cancer Immunotherapy

Cited by 2 publications

References 78 publications

Construction of a competing endogenous RNA network related to the prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma and comprehensive analysis of the immunological correlation

Construction of a competing endogenous RNA network related to the prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma and comprehensive analysis of the immunological correlation

Cancer Immunotherapy: Diverse Approaches and Obstacles

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About