Cytokines for surgeons

Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy: a review of pathophysiologic mechanisms

“…Cytokines are peptides sporadically produced by nucleated cells in response to some stress or challenge [7]. Surgical insults, trauma, ischemia or sepsis can all induce the local release of these proteins from both somatic cells (endothelial, epithelial, fibroblasts) and immune cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages).…”

“…Surgical insults, trauma, ischemia or sepsis can all induce the local release of these proteins from both somatic cells (endothelial, epithelial, fibroblasts) and immune cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages). The cytokine signal serves as a language between the challenged cells [7]. This language is not determined by one or two peptides in isolation, but rather by the confluent effects of circulating binding proteins, levels of cytokine receptor expression and the overall cytokine milieu.…”

“…Several types of nucleated cells produce and locally release these proteins in response to surgical, traumatic, ischemic or septic insults [7]. Studies performed on rodent models of sepsis show significant decreases in measures of contractility in cardiomyocytes exposed in vitro to TNF-α, IL-1β [8], and IL-6 [9].…”

Effect of tramadol on immune responses and nociceptive thresholds in a rat model of incisional pain

“…IL-6, along with its proinflammatory effects, is a sensitive and early marker of tissue damage, and its magnitude of elevation is directly related to the extent of surgical trauma (Nagahiro et al, 2001;Raeburn et al, 2002). Yim et al(2000) found that plasma IL-6 was elevated after conventional lobectomy for clinical early-stage lung cancer.…”

“…IL-2 is a growth factor for T cells, NK cells, and lymphokine-activated killer cells (Raeburn et al, 2002). In normal conditions, immunologic response does not show IL-2 within circulation.…”