Cytokine tear film profile determination in eyes of healthy dogs and those with inflammatory periocular and skin disorders

Martinez, Paoul S.; Pucheu, C.M.; Liu, Chin‐Chi; Carter, R.T.

doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110012

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The severity of allergic conjunctivitis was not correlated to sex or age at the time of diagnosis; the same appears to be true in dogs with atopic dermatitis [16], although there has been some inconsistency in results regarding the possible absence of sex predisposition [16]. In our study population, pure-bred dogs predominated (93 /122 dogs), distributed across 27 breeds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Diagnostic approach and grading scheme for canine allergic conjunctivitis

et al. 2023

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Background In humans, allergic conjunctivitis is a well described disease. In contrast, allergic conjunctivitis has not received much attention from the veterinary community so far. Canine allergic conjunctivitis (cAC) is one of the possible manifestations associated with canine atopic dermatitis (cAD), being often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Our aim is to contribute to disease characterization and clinical stagingfor cAC severity. Results A retrospective observational study including 122 dogs that underwent a complete ophthalmological and dermatological examinations and diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis was conducted. A total of six ophthalmic clinical signs were considered for disease characterization and clinical staging: conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, ocular pruritus, epiphora, seromucoid to mucopurulent discharge and keratitis, classified from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe). Scores comprised between 1–5 were considered mild, 6–10 moderate and 11–18 severe. The majority of dogs (64%) presented with moderate cAC followed by 24% of mild stages and only 12% of severe presentations. The severity of allergic conjunctivitis was not correlated to sex or age at the time of diagnosis and all presented with a bilateral form of the disease. Chemosis (84%), hyperemia (83%) and ocular pruritus (79%) was observed in 55% of the cases. Seromucoid to mucopurulent discharge (62%) and epiphora (69%) were less frequent, with keratitis being the least encountered clinical sign (15%). The degree of keratitis showed a positive correlation with both severity and chronicity of cAC (rho = 0.21–0.29, p ≤ 0.02)). Severity of cAD and cAD were not significantly correlated (p-value = 0.4). Discussion and conclusion The triad hyperemia, chemosis and ocular pruritus, already known in human medicine to be a reliable way of diagnosing human allergic conjunctivitis, also proved to be important in cAC Mild forms of the disease may pass unnoticed, ocular pruritus being hard to assess in canine patients.The proposed standardized diagnostic approach and novel grading scheme for cAC may be of value for both veterinary ophthalmologists and dermatologists, as well as general practitioners.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Diagnostic approach and grading scheme for canine allergic conjunctivitis

et al. 2023

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“…Although this study did not distinguish atopic conditions in dogs or conjunctival lesions, the results tended to support the implications of IL-8 in the eyes in the presence of inflammatory conditions/immune dysfunctions. 10 Regarding these recent data, the significant higher ocular amount of IL-8 in atopic conditions could be related to cutaneous inflammation and hence could not be a specific hallmark of atopic conjunctivitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…[10][11][12] In tears, multiplex analysis demonstrated constant expression of interleukin (IL)-8 in normal dogs 11 and higher levels of IL-8 in dogs with dermatological and periocular disease. 10 Quantification of cytokine gene expressions (mRNA) by PCR from conjunctival biopsies in atopic dogs demonstrated overexpression of IL-6 and IL-12 in allergic conditions; the cytokine levels were not correlated with skin disease severity (CADESI-04, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4 th iteration). 12 Swab samples are commonly used to explore both tears and conjunctival components or pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey of cytokines on ocular surfaces of atopic dogs by multiplex analysis using two sampling methods – a pilot study

Pressanti

Ravailhe

Castellote-Brun

et al. 2021

Veterinary Dermatology

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Background -Conjunctivitis in atopic dogs has already been described yet is rarely observed, and likely underdiagnosed in practice.Objectives -To assay various cytokines in tears and conjunctivae from atopic and normal dogs, and to compare canine atopic dermatitis-associated conjunctivitis with controls.Animals -Ten atopic and ten normal client-owned dogs.Methods and materials -Ocular surfaces were sampled bilaterally in a prospective study, using two different methods. Tear samples were obtained with a sterile swab previously moistened with saline solution (method A). Conjunctival impressions were obtained with a conjunctival impression device (method B). For each sample, the concentrations of a panel of 13 cytokines were measured by multiplex analyses. CADESI-4, pruritus (PS) and conjunctival (CS) scores were determined.Results -Among the measured cytokines, only granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)-like and interleukin (IL)-8 were above the limit of quantification in most samples. Absolute amounts of each cytokine were always higher in samples obtained with method A than with method B. GM-CSF amounts were lower in atopic dogs (method A, P=0.02; method B, P=0.0005). KC levels were higher in atopic dogs, yet the differences were not significant. IL-8 amounts were higher in atopic dogs (method A, P=0.0003; method B, P=0.006).Conclusions and clinical relevance -Regardless of the method, these preliminary results suggest an overexpression of IL-8 in conjunctivae and tears of atopic dogs despite subtle conjunctival symptoms. As IL-8 is commonly found in many inflammatory conditions, further studies are needed to determine its specificity in atopic conjunctivitis.

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“…Cytokines may be a useful tool in helping to diagnose and treat ocular disorders in veterinary medicine. Cytokines in tears from normal dogs and from dogs with inflammatory periocular skin disorders have been previously evaluated with multiplexed and bead‐based immune assays 3 . While the multiplexed and bead‐based immune assay can evaluate 13 different cytokines, it cannot detect the key pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in healthy canine tears using Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring

Spitznagel,

Mikeska,

Jost

et al. 2023

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy of the Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ and MRM‐MS for detecting pro‐inflammatory cytokines in canine tears from healthy research Beagles.MethodsA complete ophthalmic examination was performed on 15 healthy research Beagles to verify no ophthalmic diseases. Tears were collected OU by placing a Weck‐Cel® cellulose spear in the ventral conjunctival fornix for 1 min. The Weck‐Cel® spear was placed in a 2.0 mL tube with a centrifuge filter forcing tears to flow through the filter into the bottom of the tube. The tears were analyzed using the Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ and MRM‐MS. Descriptive data from this study was reported as the normalized total peak area (nTPA) and median (range) using data imported from the online MRM‐MS Skyline program.ResultsThe level of 16 pro‐inflammatory cytokines was successfully detected in all 15 dogs. The four cytokines with the highest median amounts in the samples were IL‐2 = 0.1243 (0.019–6.7289), IL‐6 = 0.964 (0.0036–16.9365), TNFα = 0.1644 (0.0096–0.7138), and CSF‐2 = 0.4022 (0.1475–2.6208).ConclusionsThis study revealed that 16 pro‐inflammatory cytokines in canine tears from healthy dogs can be detected with Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ and MRM‐MS.

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Cytokine tear film profile determination in eyes of healthy dogs and those with inflammatory periocular and skin disorders

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Diagnostic approach and grading scheme for canine allergic conjunctivitis

Diagnostic approach and grading scheme for canine allergic conjunctivitis

Survey of cytokines on ocular surfaces of atopic dogs by multiplex analysis using two sampling methods – a pilot study

Detection of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in healthy canine tears using Canine Cytokine SpikeMix™ mass spectrometry via multiple reaction monitoring

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