Cytokine Storm in COVID-19—Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: The REPROGRAM Consortium Position Paper

Bhaskar, Sonu; Sinha, Akansha; Banach, Maciej; Mittoo, Shikha; Weissert, Robert; Kass, Joseph S.; Rajagopal, Santhosh; Pai, Anupama Ramakanth; Kutty, Shelby

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01648

Cited by 414 publications

(453 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…As a result, compounds with immunosuppressive properties would be beneficial in COVID-19 patients with signs of hyperinflammatory responses. Some have been already evaluated; however, further clinical trials should be conducted to confirm their effectiveness ( Henderson et al, 2020 ; Bhaskar et al, 2020 ). Commonly used anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive compounds with potential therapeutic effects are listed below: Corticosteroids: a class of steroids with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive features.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A connectivity map-based drug repurposing study and integrative analysis of transcriptomic profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Mousavi

rahmanian

Sami

2020

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Aims The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global health concern. There are currently no effective treatment strategies and vaccines for the treatment or prevention of this fatal disease. The current study aims to determine promising treatment options for the COVID-19 through a computational drug repurposing approach. Materials and methods In this study, we focus on differentially expressed genes (DEGs), detected in SARS-CoV-2 infected cell lines including “the primary human lung epithelial cell line NHBE” and “the transformed lung alveolar cell line A549”. Next, the identified DEGs are used in the connectivity map (CMap) analysis to identify similarly acting therapeutic candidates. Furthermore, to interpret lists of DEGs, pathway enrichment and protein network analysis are performed. Genes are categorized into easily interpretable pathways based on their biological functions, and overrepresentation of each pathway is tested in comparison to what is expected randomly. Key findings The results suggest the effectiveness of lansoprazole, folic acid, sulfamonomethoxine, tolnaftate, diclofenamide, halcinonide, saquinavir, metronidazole, ebselen, lidocaine and benzocaine, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors, and many other clinically approved drugs as potent drugs against COVID-19 outbreak. Significance Making new drugs remain a lengthy process, so the drug repurposing approach provides an insight into the therapeutics that might be helpful in this pandemic. In this study, pathway enrichment and protein network analysis are also performed, and the effectiveness of some drugs obtained from the CMap analysis has been investigated according to previous researches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A connectivity map-based drug repurposing study and integrative analysis of transcriptomic profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Mousavi

rahmanian

Sami

2020

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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“…Chemical constituents 8-Gingerol, 10-Gingerol from Z. o cinale were active against COVID-19 [65]. COVID-19 patients might have cytokine storm [66,67] and Curcumacaesia has capacity to block cytokine release [68]. Allium sativum contain sulphoxide, proteins and polyphenols like bioactive sulphur containing compound which are antiviral with immunostimulatory potential [69,70].…”

Section: Medicinal Plants Recorded and Frequency Of Citationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Medicinal Plant to Prevent COVID-19 in Nepal

Khadka

Dhamala

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Medicinal plants are the fundamental unit of traditional medicine system in Nepal. Nepalese people are rich in traditional medicine especially in folk medicine (ethnomedicine) and this system is gaining much attention after 1995. The use of medicinal plants have increased during COVID-19 pandemic as a private behavior (not under the control of government). Lot of misinterpretations of the use of medicinal plants to treat or prevent COVID-19 have been spreading throughout Nepal which need to be managed proactively. In this context, a research was needed to document medicinal plants used, their priority of use in society, cultivation status and source of information people follow to use them. This study aimed to document the present status of medicinal plant use and make important suggestion to the concern authorities.Methods: This study used a web-based survey to collect primary data related to medicinal plants used during COVID-19. A total of 774 respondents took part in the survey. The study calculated the relative frequencies of citation (RFC) for the recorded medicinal plants. The relationship between plants recorded and different covariates (age, gender education, occupation, living place, and treatment methods were assessed using Kruskal Wallis test and Wilcox test. The relationship between the information sources people follow and respondent characteristics, were assessed using chi-square test.Results:The study found that the use of medicinal plants has increased during COVID-19 and most of the respondents recommended medicinal plants to prevent COVID-19. This study recorded a total of 63 plants belonging to 42 families. The leaves of the plants were the most frequently used. The Zingiber officinale was the most cited species with the frequency of citation 0.398. Most of the people (45.61%), were getting medicinal plants from their home garden. The medicinal plants recorded were significantly associated with the education level, location of home, primary treatment mode, gender, and age class. The information source of plants was significantly associated with the education, gender, method of treatment, occupation, living with family, and location of home during lockdown caused by COVID-19.Conclusions:People were using more medicinal plants during COVID-19 claiming that they can prevent or cure COVID-19. This should be taken seriously by concerned authorities. The authorities should test the validity of these medicinal plants and control the flow of false information spread through research and awareness programs.

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“…The use of dietary supplements requires, however, further research and robust evidence base in relationship to COVID-19. A notable ingredient of some of the herbal medicines, supplements, and fruits is vitamin C. Studies have shown that Vitamin C has antioxidant activity and may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, conditions observed in coronavirus infection (Block et al, 2009;Mikirova et al, 2012). In addition, vitamin C is known to enhance vasopressor synthesis and induce the immune system (Carr and Maggini, 2017;Lee et al, 2003;Verlhac and Gabaudan, 1994).…”

Section: Natural Products and Herbal Medicines For Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cytokines levels, including IL-6, are significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients with ARDS (Fan et al 2020b;Ye et al, 2020). In addition, the cytokine storm severity is linked to organ failure and mortality rate (Bhaskar et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus Disease-2019 Treatment Strategies Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling and Herbal Medicine

Dzobo

Chiririwa

Dandara

et al. 2021

OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology

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Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is evolving across the world and new treatments are urgently needed as with vaccines to prevent the illness and stem the contagion. The virus affects not only the lungs but also other tissues, thus lending support to the idea that COVID-19 is a systemic disease. The current vaccine and treatment development strategies ought to consider such systems medicine perspectives rather than a narrower focus on the lung infection only. COVID-19 is associated with elevated levels of the inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and interferon-gamma (IFN-c). Elevated levels of cytokines and the cytokine storm have been linked to fatal disease. This suggests new therapeutic strategies through blocking the cytokine storm. IL-6 is one of the major cytokines associated with the cytokine storm. IL-6 is also known to display pleiotropic/diverse pathophysiological effects. We suggest the blockage of IL-6 signaling and its downstream mediators such as Janus kinases (JAKs), and signal transducer and activators of transcription (STATs) offer potential hope for the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19. Thus, repurposing of already approved IL-6-JAK-STAT signaling inhibitors as well as other antiinflammatory drugs, including dexamethasone, is under development for severe COVID-19 cases. We conclude this expert review by highlighting the potential role of precision herbal medicines, for example, the Cannabis sativa, provided that omics technologies can be utilized to build a robust scientific evidence base on their clinical safety and efficacy. Precision herbal medicine buttressed by omics systems science would also help identify new molecular targets for drug discovery against COVID-19.

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Cytokine Storm in COVID-19—Immunopathological Mechanisms, Clinical Considerations, and Therapeutic Approaches: The REPROGRAM Consortium Position Paper

Cited by 414 publications

References 116 publications

A connectivity map-based drug repurposing study and integrative analysis of transcriptomic profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infection

A connectivity map-based drug repurposing study and integrative analysis of transcriptomic profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infection

The Use of Medicinal Plant to Prevent COVID-19 in Nepal

Coronavirus Disease-2019 Treatment Strategies Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling and Herbal Medicine

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