Cytokine Storm

Abstract

Grade 1 Mild; asymptomatic or mild symptoms; clinical or diagnostic observations only; intervention not indicated. Grade 2 Moderate; minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated; limiting ageappropriate instrumental ADL*. Grade 3 Severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening; hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated; disabling; limiting self care ADL**. Grade 4 Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated. Grade 5 Death related to AE. A Semicolon indicates 'or' within the description of the grade. A single dash (-) indicates a Grade is not available. Not all Grades are appropriate for all AEs. Therefore, some AEs are listed with fewer than five options for Grade selection. Grade 5 Grade 5 (Death) is not appropriate for some AEs and therefore is not an option. Definitions A brief Definition is provided to clarify the meaning of each AE term. A single dash (-) indicates a Definition is not available. Navigational Notes A Navigational Note is used to assist the reporter in choosing a correct AE. It may list other AEs that should be considered in addition to or in place of the AE in question. A single dash (-) indicates a Navigational Note has not been defined for the AE term. Activities of Daily Living (ADL) *Instrumental ADL refer to preparing meals, shopping for groceries or clothes, using the telephone, managing money, etc. **Self care ADL refer to bathing, dressing and undressing, feeding self, using the toilet, taking medications, and not bedridden. Table of Contents Blood and lymphatic system disorders .

Blood omega-3 fatty acids and death from COVID-19: A pilot study

“…Finally, EPA/DHA insert into cell membrane phospholipids and disrupts lipid rafts so as to disassemble surface receptors thereby blocking incoming inflammatory signals [51] . All of these actions together result in a muted “cytokine storm” which, in alveolar macrophages and elsewhere, can result in death from COVID-19 [3] .…”

“…Severe COVID-19 disease and death is, in part, mediated by rapid elevations of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-1β, and IL-6 leading to a cytokine release syndrome or “cytokine storm.” [3] Accordingly, an attractive preventative approach to COVID-19 infection is to minimize cytokine release. Very long-chain omega-3 s (DHA and EPA) found in fish oils have a plethora of biological activities including directly and indirectly modulating inflammatory responses and cytokine release [4] , [5] , [6] .…”

Targeting CDK7 suppresses super enhancer-linked inflammatory genes and alleviates CAR T cell-induced cytokine release syndrome

“…Most prominently, IFN-γ is often more elevated in patients with cytokine storm due to CAR T therapy than in patients with sepsis-induced cytokine storm, who often have higher levels of circulating IL-1β. Serum cytokine levels that are elevated in patients with COVID-19-associated cytokine storm include IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ and MIP-1 [ 44 ]. It is plausible to hypothesize that the therapeutic effects of blocking CDK7 would still work in CRS models sharing different cytokine profiles, because the broad-spectrum inhibition of THZ1 makes it applicable for disrupting multiple cytokine-mediated signaling pathways.…”

Coagulative Disorders in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients with Acute Distress Respiratory Syndrome: A Critical Review

“…Presumably, fibrinolysis may also be induced following severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. High plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-7, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ-induced protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1, and TNF-α) have been observed in patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units, suggesting that a cytokine storm may be developing in individuals with severe disease [ 27 ]. Cytokine storm has been described as the primary cause of several disorders of immune dysregulation characterized by constitutional symptoms, systemic inflammation, and multiorgan dysfunction that can lead to multiorgan failure and coagulopathy if inadequately treated, with different severity and duration [ 27 ].…”