Cytokine Signature and Involvement in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps

Abstract

Cytokines are well known to play a central role in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), particularly in maintenance of the inflammatory response and the recruitment of eosinophils. The pathophysiological concepts concerning the involvement of inflammatory cytokines in CRSwNP have gradually evolved. Although the Th2 cytokines environment associated with an eosinophilic infiltration has retained a central role in the genesis of polyps, the role of other cytokine subpopulations has also and more recently been detailed, leading to a specific and complex signature in CRSwNP. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge about the cytokine signature in CRSwNP, the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of this disease and in the intercellular dialog between epithelial cells, fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. Knowledge of this precise cytokine signature in CRSwNP is fundamental in the perspective of potential targeting biotherapies.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Genes Associated with Oxidative Stress in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients with Nasal Polyps: Identifying Novel Genes Involved in Nasal Polyposis

“…Consistently, MPO in neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, in monocytes [ 43 ] also derives reactive oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl), playing an important role in neutrophil antimicrobial activity and human defense [ 43 , 44 ]. It was reported that the dense inflammatory infiltrate of the typical histological features of NPs is composed of several immune cell types, such as T and B lymphocytes, group 2 innate lymphoid cells, eosinophils and neutrophils, mast cells, and macrophages [ 45 ]. Thus, it was supposed that MPO should be upregulated in CRSwNP NPs.…”

Spotlight on a Short-Time Treatment with the IL-4/IL-13 Receptor Blocker in Patients with CRSwNP: microRNAs Modulations and Preliminary Clinical Evidence

“…It was well demonstrated that increased IgE and IL-8 concentrations may be found in patients with CRSwNP stimulating multiple inflammatory pathways [ 23 , 24 ]. Indeed, IL-8 plays a crucial role in the inflammatory processes acting as a chemotactic factor for neutrophils and lymphocytes, as angiogenic factor, as well as tumor progression [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], and an IL-8-dominant inflammatory profile is frequently found in patients with CRSwNP [ 28 , 29 ]. Since patients showed a clear improvement in both clinical stage and quality of life after dupilumab treatment accompanied by a reduction in IL-8 concentration, this evidence confirms, for the first time, the downstream action of dupilumab on IgE and IL-8, which led to the amelioration of the inflammatory status and to counteract the CRSwNP progression.…”

Circulating T Cell Subsets and ILC2s are Altered in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps After Dupilumab Treatment

“…Most CRSwNP is characterized by type 2 inflammation, which is defined as an adaptive immune response with Th2 cells driving eosinophil recruitment and IgE production through the secretion of type 2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. [17][18][19] The dramatic clinical responses common to dupilumab could lead to not only changes in the type 2 inflammatory environment within the sinonasal mucosa and nasal polyp, but also directly and/or indirectly affect the systemic immune status. The objective of this study was to analyze circulating immune cells, particularly T cells, in CRSwNP patients treated with dupilumab.…”