Abstract:Background: The immunopathogenesis of pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) is not well understood. Methods: We studied the cytokine profile in pre-treatment serum specimens of 19 pediatric MS patients, 25 adult MS patients, and 22 age-and gender-matched pediatric healthy controls. In addition to IL-2, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-18, IL-23, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β-1, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-10, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and GM-CSF, we measured osteopontin and soluble VCAM-I. Results: In children with MS, significantly lower level… Show more
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