Cytokine Profiles in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Human Immunodeficiency Virus ‐Infected Patients with Cryptococcal Meningitis: No Leukocytosis despite High Interleukin‐8 Levels

O-Acetylation of Cryptococcal Capsular Glucuronoxylomannan Is Essential for Interference with Neutrophil Migration

“…Moreover, in vitro as well as in vivo, GXM has been shown to interfere with the migration of leukocytes toward chemotactic stimuli and inflammatory sites (9 -14), and different mechanisms contribute to this phenomenon. First, cryptococcal GXM impairs neutrophil migration toward chemoattractants (10,11,14), despite adequate stimulation of chemokine production (8,11,15). A combination of the intrinsic chemoattracting properties of circulating GXM (10,16) and down-regulation of chemokine receptors (17) will prevent leukocytes from leaving the bloodstream and migrating toward inflammatory sites.…”

Systemic Neutralization of Interleukin-8 Markedly Reduces Neutrophilic Pleocytosis during Experimental Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Meningitis in Rabbits

“…Many clinical studies have detected IL-8 in the CSF of meningitis patients (7,19,26,29,39,46,49,51,57,58,62), suggesting that this chemokine may play a role in the accumulation of neutrophils within the subarachnoid space. Clinically, there appears to be a marked difference in the duration of elevated chemokine levels between tubercular and acute bacterial meningitis, with the former displaying protracted elevated chemokine levels compared to the latter (32).…”

“…Clinically, there appears to be a marked difference in the duration of elevated chemokine levels between tubercular and acute bacterial meningitis, with the former displaying protracted elevated chemokine levels compared to the latter (32). Some (39,51) but not all (7,19,26,29,49) of these clinical studies were able to correlate the CSF IL-8 concentration to neutrophil levels during bacterial meningitis, but this conclusion needs to viewed cautiously since many of these clinical samples were from single time points at indeterminate times after the induction of pleocytosis. However, there is some evidence that CSF samples obtained within 12 h of onset of clinical symptoms have higher CSF IL-8 levels than in those obtained later in the clinical course (19).…”

Interleukin-10 Negatively Regulates Local Cytokine and Chemokine Production but Does Not Influence Antibacterial Host Defense during Murine Pneumococcal Meningitis

“…Elevated levels of IL-10 have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with bacterial (10, 24), aseptic (6,8), cryptococcal (4,6), and tuberculous (12) meningitis. Autoantibodies against IL-10 have been found in CSF from rats with experimental bacterial meningitis and are considered to play a regulatory role in the cytokine cascade (1).…”