Cytokine Pattern of T Lymphocytes in Acute<i>Schistosomiasis mansoni</i>Patients following Treated Praziquantel Therapy

Silveira-Lemos, Denise da; Costa-Silva, Matheus Fernandes; Silveira, Amanda Cardoso de Oliveira; Batista, Maurício Azevedo; Fraga, Lúcia Alves de Oliveira; Silveira, Alda Maria Soares; Alvarez, Maria Carolina B; Martins‐Filho, Olindo Assis; Gazzinelli, Giovanni; Corrêa-Oliveira, Rodrigo; Teixeira-Carvalho, Andréa

doi:10.1155/2013/909134

“…Their initial expression before treatment was important in helping to mount a humoral response to the infection. However, this contrasts with a previous study [ 31 ], which showed that one month after treatment with praziquantel there was an increase in the production of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines following SEA stimulation in circulating lymphocytes from infected patients.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Cytokine Response Profiles of School-Aged Children Infected with Schistosomiasis before and after Praziquantel Treatment

Okonjo

¹

,

Yole

²

,

Dorington³

2021

Journal of Tropical Medicine

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Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects millions of people in 78 countries globally. Children under the age of 14, who have the chronic disease may suffer from anemia and malnutrition that contribute to lost days at school and pervasive learning disabilities. The infection is prevalent in Kenya, especially in endemic areas, contributing to significant morbidity. The cellular response pattern is associated with both the acute and chronic phases of the disease, in which cytokines play a critical role. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytokine profiles of IL-4, IL-2, IL-10, IL-5, IFN-γ, and TNF in serum samples of infected school-aged children by using flow cytometry before and after treatment. The analysis indicated a shift in the expression of the cytokines after treatment with all the cytokines being downregulated, except TNF. There was a general trend of decrease in the expression of the cytokines at six and twelve weeks after treatment as compared to the pretreatment levels. There were statistically significant differences in the expression in IL-2 ( P = 0.001 ∗ ∗ ), IL-4 ( P = 0.033 ∗ ), IL-10 ( P = 0.001 ∗ ∗ ∗ ), IFN-γ ( P = 0.023 ∗ ), and IL-5 ( P = 0.0001 ∗ ∗ ∗ ), except in TNF ( P = 0.095 ). The reduction in the cytokine levels can be directly related to the influence of the drug praziquantel, modulating the cytokine response by elimination of adult worms, decline in parasitic load, and reduction of morbidity. Therefore, cytokine response is directly related with the influence of treatment in the variation of the immune response.

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“…The higher than baseline levels of IFN‐γ production in response to SEA observed in egg‐negative children in the post‐MDA group suggests that SEA stimulation of IFN‐γ may be immunoregulated in untreated infections, and that multiple MDAs removed this regulation. Higher SEA‐stimulated IFN‐γ levels have mainly been reported in people with acute schistosomiasis, prior to the development of the regulation associated with chronic infection . Wilson et al also reported a treatment‐associated increase in IFN‐γ, although this increase was only seen 1 year after treatment and was not sustained at 2 years post‐treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of four rounds of annual school‐wide mass praziquantel treatment for schistosoma mansoni control on schistosome‐specific immune responses

Em

¹

,

Abudho

²

,

Kittur

³

et al. 2018

Parasite Immunology

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SummaryThis study evaluated potential changes in antischistosome immune responses in children from schools that received 4 rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) of praziquantel (PZQ). In a repeated cross‐sectional study design, 210 schistosome egg‐positive children were recruited at baseline from schools in western Kenya (baseline group). Another 251 children of the same age range were recruited from the same schools and diagnosed with schistosome infection by microscopy (post‐MDA group). In‐vitro schistosome‐specific cytokines and plasma antibody levels were measured by ELISA and compared between the 2 groups of children. Schistosome soluble egg antigen (SEA) and soluble worm antigen preparation (SWAP) stimulated higher IL‐5 production by egg‐negative children in the post‐MDA group compared to the baseline group. Similarly, anti‐SEA IgE levels were higher in egg‐negative children in the post‐MDA group compared to the baseline group. Anti‐SEA and anti‐SWAP IgG4 levels were lower in egg‐negative children in the post‐MDA group compared to baseline. This resulted in higher anti‐SEA IgE/IgG4 ratios for children in the post‐MDA group compared to baseline. These post‐MDA immunological changes are compatible with the current paradigm that treatment shifts immune responses to higher antischistosome IgE:IgG4 ratios in parallel with a potential increase in resistance to reinfection.

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“…If this is confirmed in future studies, then the HTX method would represent the best method for obtaining a precise determination of infection status by egg detection. This determination is particularly critical for vaccine efficacy evaluations, individual clinical diagnoses, and control of cure efforts, especially in non-endemic countries [ 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of diagnostic accuracy of Helmintex, Kato-Katz, and POC-CCA methods for diagnosing intestinal schistosomiasis in Candeal, a low intensity transmission area in northeastern Brazil

Lindholz

¹

,

Favero

²

,

Veríssimo

³

et al. 2018

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Control initiatives have successfully reduced the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis transmission in several localities around the world. However, individuals that release low numbers of eggs in their feces may not be detected by classical methods that are limited by low sensitivity. Given that accurate estimates of prevalence are key to implementing planning control actions for the elimination of schistosomiasis, new diagnostic tools are needed to effectively monitor infections and confirm transmission interruption. The World Health Organization recommends the Kato-Katz (KK) thick smear as a parasitological test for epidemiological surveys, even though this method has been demonstrated to underestimate prevalence when egg burdens are low. The point-of-care immunodiagnostic for detecting schistosome cathodic circulating antigen (POC-CCA) method has been proposed as a more sensitive substitute for KK in prevalence estimations. An alternative diagnostic, the Helmintex (HTX) method, isolates eggs from fecal samples with the use of paramagnetic particles in a magnetic field. Here, a population-based study involving 461 individuals from Candeal, Sergipe State, Brazil, was conducted to evaluate these three methods comparatively by latent class analysis (LCA). The prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni was determined to be 71% with POC-CCA, 40.% with HTX and 11% with KK. Most of the egg burdens of the individuals tested (70%) were < 1 epg, thereby revealing a dissociation between prevalence and intensity in this locality. Therefore, the present results confirm that the HTX method is a highly sensitive egg detection procedure and support its use as a reference method for diagnosing intestinal schistosomiasis and for comparative evaluation of other tests.

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Cytokine Pattern of T Lymphocytes in AcuteSchistosomiasis mansoniPatients following Treated Praziquantel Therapy

Cited by 9 publications

References 66 publications

Cytokine Response Profiles of School-Aged Children Infected with Schistosomiasis before and after Praziquantel Treatment

Cytokine Response Profiles of School-Aged Children Infected with Schistosomiasis before and after Praziquantel Treatment

Effect of four rounds of annual school‐wide mass praziquantel treatment for schistosoma mansoni control on schistosome‐specific immune responses

Study of diagnostic accuracy of Helmintex, Kato-Katz, and POC-CCA methods for diagnosing intestinal schistosomiasis in Candeal, a low intensity transmission area in northeastern Brazil

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