Cytokine involvement in oocytes and early embryos

Determination of Interleukin-11 in Seminal Plasma and Elevated Il-11 in Seminal Plasma of Infertile Patients with Urogenital Infection

“…It also serves as an autocrine or paracrine growth factor (GF) in a variety of human tissues and cell lines [20]. Furthermore, IL-6 has been found in significant quantities in human seminal fluid and may provide a common link between the endocrine and immunological systems [21]. In addition, proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and TNFa are capable of reducing the ova-penetrating ability of spermatozoa.…”

Cytokines in the human ovary: Presence in follicular fluid and correlation with leukotriene B4

“…Cytokines are proteinaceous mediators of the immune system and important intercellular regulators in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological events (1). Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated an active role for cytokines in the process leading to ovulation, as well as in fertilization and early embryonic cleavage (2,3). These substances are produced locally in the ovaries and exert their action on various cell types (4).…”

Interleukin-6 in Seminal Plasma of Fertile and Infertile Men

“…It also serves as an autocrine or paracrine growth factor (GF) in a variety of human tissues and cell lines [2 13. Furthermore, cytokines, including IL-6, have been found in significant quantities in human seminal fluid and may provide a common link between the endocrine and immunological systems [23]. It has been demonstrated that resident macrophages and monocytes constitute 5% to 15% of the intrafollicular cellular pool.…”

“…Our data suggest that urogenital infections may lead to elevated levels of IL-6 in the seminal plasma. Data collected by Zolti et al [23] have shown that spermatocytes in vitro are not able to secrete detectable amounts of IL-1, IL-6, or TNF-a. Furthermore, it was shown that IL-6 did not affect the fertilizing capacity of human sperm cells [21, 231.…”