Cytokine Gene Expression in the Tissues of Dogs Infected by Leishmania infantum

Barbosa, Marco Antônio Granja; Alexandre‐Pires, Graça; Soares-Clemente, M.; Marques, Cláudia; Rodrigues, Olı́via Roos; Brito, Teresa; Fonseca, Isabel Pereira da; Alves, Lêucio Câmara; Santos‐Gomes, Gabriela

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.03.001

Cited by 30 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The average and standard error of IFN-γ concentration was 35.39 ± 2.82 pg/mL in symptomatic, 27.47 ± 2.46 pg/mL in asymptomatic, and 25.43 ± 2.55 pg/mL in control dogs (Figure 4). A recent report demonstrated mixed Th1 and Th2 cytokine gene expression profiles in the blood leucocytes of symptomatic dogs, but with dominant IFN-γ gene expression in the lymph nodes [20]. The enhanced accumulation of IFN-γ mRNA was also observed in the bone marrow of dogs infected with L. (L.) infantum chagasi , suggesting that the clinical symptoms are not due to a deficiency in IFN-γ production, but probably by detectable interleukin (IL)-4 mRNA, which is significantly higher in symptomatic dogs [21].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages inversely correlates with parasitism of lymphoid tissues in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThere are only a few studies reporting the role of nitric oxide metabolites for controlling macrophage intracellular parasitism, and these are controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lymph nodes and spleen of dogs affected by visceral leishmaniasis through immunohistochemistry and to determine its correlation with tissue parasite burden and serum interferon (IFN)-γ levels. Twenty-eight dogs were selected and assigned to one of two groups, symptomatic (n = 18) and asymptomatic (n = 10), according to clinical status and laboratory evaluation. A negative control group (n = 6) from a non-endemic region for visceral leishmaniasis was included as well.ResultsParasite density (amastigotes/mm2) was similar between clinical groups in the lymph nodes (P = 0.2401) and spleen (P = 0.8869). The density of iNOS+ cells was higher in infected dogs compared to controls (P < 0.05), without a significant difference in lymph node (P = 0.3257) and spleen (P = 0.5940) densities between symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs. A positive correlation was found between the number of iNOS+ cells in lymph nodes and interferon-γ levels (r = 0.3776; P = 0.0303), and there was a negative correlation between parasites and iNOS+ cell densities both in lymph nodes (r = −0.5341; P = 0.0034) and spleen (r = −0.4669; P = 0.0329).ConclusionThe negative correlation observed between tissue parasitism and the expression of iNOS may be a reflection of NO acting on the control of parasites.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages inversely correlates with parasitism of lymphoid tissues in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

et al. 2014

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“…The authors suggested a role for IL-10 and TGF- β in disease progression (Alves et al 2009). In a study by Barbosa et al they reported that asymptomatic dogs showed high expression of genes encoding IL-2 and IL-12 in lymph nodes (Barbosa et al 2011). Hosein et al reported down regulation of IL-22 with disease progression in an experimental CanL model (Hosein et al 2015).…”

Section: Organ Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These features were also thought to be linked to the increased number of macrophages found to be producing high levels of IFN- γ and TNF- α (Manzillo et al 2006 b ). Barbosa et al reported significantly higher levels of IL-12 mRNA in the bone marrow of dogs following treatment with allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate compared with healthy, asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs (Barbosa et al 2011). …”

Section: Organ Specific Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis

2016

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SUMMARYCanine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum and is a systemic disease, which can present with variable clinical signs, and clinicopathological abnormalities. Clinical manifestations can range from subclinical infection to very severe systemic disease. Leishmaniosis is categorized as a neglected tropical disease and the complex immune responses associated with Leishmania species makes therapeutic treatments and vaccine development challenging for both dogs and humans. In this review, we summarize innate and adaptive immune responses associated with L. infantum infection in dogs, and we discuss the problems associated with the disease as well as potential solutions and the future direction of required research to help control the parasite.

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“…Signalling via the TLR pathway leads to the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and co‐stimulatory molecules . The production of cytokines and chemokines has already been described in canine VL, in diverse organs , including the central nervous system (CNS) , classically considered to be immune privileged. The involvement of the nervous system during VL has recently became focus of investigation, as there are reports of infected dogs presenting with neurological signs (central and/or peripheral involvement) , but the pathogenesis of ‘cerebral leishmaniasis’ remains to be fully elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compartmentalized gene expression of toll‐like receptors 2, 4 and 9 in the brain and peripheral lymphoid organs during canine visceral leishmaniasis

Melo

Silva

Grano

et al. 2014

Parasite Immunology

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Visceral leishmaniasis is an important parasitic disease that affects humans and animals. The response against the protozoan involves the interaction of both innate and adaptive branches of the immune system, and an important immune sensor is represented by the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Here, we investigated the pattern of TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-9 gene expression in different compartments (brain, choroid plexus, spleen and lymph node) of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Gene expression of the TLRs varied according to the compartment evaluated. In the brain, there was only an upregulation of TLR-2, whereas in the choroid plexus, TLR-2 and TLR-9 were both upregulated. Further, the peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes) showed increased TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression. This study provides the first insight about TLR expression in the central nervous system of infected dogs, and gives additional evidence of the compartmentalization of the immune response during visceral leishmaniasis.

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Cytokine Gene Expression in the Tissues of Dogs Infected by Leishmania infantum

Cited by 30 publications

References 37 publications

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages inversely correlates with parasitism of lymphoid tissues in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages inversely correlates with parasitism of lymphoid tissues in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Insights on adaptive and innate immunity in canine leishmaniosis

Compartmentalized gene expression of toll‐like receptors 2, 4 and 9 in the brain and peripheral lymphoid organs during canine visceral leishmaniasis

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