Cytokine expression in peri‐implant crevicular fluid in relation to bacterial presence

Abstract

Profuse bleeding and/or suppuration in untreated peri-implantitis can be associated with higher concentrations of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and VEGF in peri-implant crevicular fluid. A higher concentration of IL-1β in peri-implant crevicular fluid was found in samples that were positive for E. coli or S. epidermidis.

Could cytokine levels in the peri‐implant crevicular fluid be used to distinguish between healthy implants and implants with peri‐implantitis? A systematic review

“…Thus, the initial search provided 26 full‐text publications, which were comprehensively evaluated. Of these 26 papers, nine studies were excluded because they did not match the inclusion/exclusion criteria or had unclear information (Table ). Seventeen studies were then included, based on the electronic search and one study was subsequently included based on the manual search.…”

Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid Analysis, Enzymes and Biomarkers: a Systemetic Review

“…Thirteen studies showed higher levels of IL-1β in PICF than healthy implant sites [7,21,22,30,35,36,41-47]. Of the 10 studies assessed TNF-α, 3 of them showed no relationship with this cytokine with peri-implant inflammation [7,25,43], while other 7 studies showed significant relationship with this cytokine [23,24,36,41,46-48]. These findings suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α are up to date, the most promising proteins to be used as markers in PICF for differentiation between peri-implantitis and healthy implants.…”

Biological response to peri‐implantitis treatment

“…In as much as PIP involves a robust host response to a substantial oral bacterial burden, with an imbalance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory responses and tissue destruction of the periodontium (soft and hard tissue damage), analysis of cytokine levels representing these responses in peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) could assist in identifying early biological responses that might presage disease. Biomarkers linked to PIP include an array of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α, interferon‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, anti‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐4 and IL‐10), chemokines (IL‐8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP‐1α), and tissue destructive enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐8) . Of these, pro‐inflammatory cytokines demonstrate the strongest association with PIP .…”