Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes human Chagas' disease, a leading source of congestive heart failure in Central and South America. CD8 ؉ T cells are critical for control of T. cruzi infection, and CD8 ؉ T cells recognizing the immunodominant trans-sialidase gene-encoded peptide TSKB20 (ANYKFTLV) account for approximately 30% of the total CD8 ؉ T-cell population at the peak of infection in C57BL/6 mice. Type I interferons (IFN-I) are pleiotropic cytokines that play a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity against a variety of infections, but their induction and their role in infection are dictated by the infectious agent. Because type I IFNs and IFN-responsive genes are evident early after T. cruzi infection of host cells, we examined the influence of IFN-I on the development of CD8 ؉ T-cell responses during this infection. Mice lacking the receptor for IFN-I (IFNARKO) and their wild-type counterparts both developed chronic infections and generated similar frequencies of immunodominant TSKB20-and subdominant TSKB18-specific CD8 ؉ T cells following T. cruzi infection. In contrast, peak TSKB20-specific CD8 ؉ T-cell responses generated during infection with vaccinia virus engineered to express TSKB20 were approximately 2.5-fold lower in IFNARKO mice than B6 mice, although after viral clearance, the frequencies of TSKB20-specific CD8 ؉ T cells stabilized at similar levels. Together, these data suggest that IFN-I induction and biology are dependent upon the microbial context and emphasize the need to investigate various infection models for a full understanding of CD8 ؉ T-cell development.
CD8ϩ T cells are an essential contributor to the control of the intracellular protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of human Chagas' disease. T. cruzi trypomastigotes can infect virtually any nucleated cell, and once in the host cell cytoplasm, transform into and replicate as amastigotes. The cytoplasmic localization of T. cruzi allows for parasite-derived proteins to be available for processing and presentation through the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) pathway, and obliteration of this pathway leads to early death for T. cruzi-infected mice (21,22). T. cruzi-infected mice depleted of CD8 ϩ T cells also succumb to infection during the acute phase (within 35 days after infection) (20). The annotated genome of T. cruzi contains more than 12,000 genes (5), yet despite this genetic complexity and the resultant enormous number of potential epitopes, the CD8 ϩ T-cell response to T. cruzi is focused on only a few peptides. In B6 mice infected with the Brazil strain of T. cruzi, CD8 ϩ T cells recognizing TSKB20 (ANYKFTLV) and TSKB18 (ANYDFTLV) expand significantly and represent over 40% of the total CD8 ϩ