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Grasses are the most important and widely cultivated crops. Among them, ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) and fescues (Festuca spp.) provide high quality fodder for livestock, are used for turf and amenity purposes, and play a fundamental role in environment protection. Species from the two genera display complementary agronomic characteristics and are often grown in mixtures. Breeding efforts to combine desired features in single entities culminated with the production of Festuca × Lolium hybrids. The so called Festuloliums enjoy a considerable commercial success with numerous cultivars registered all over the world. They are also very intriguing from a strictly cytogenetic point of view as the parental chromosomes recombine freely in hybrids. Until a decade ago this phenomenon was only known in general quantitative terms. The introduction of molecular cytogenetic tools such as FISH and GISH permitted detailed studies of intergeneric chromosome recombination and karyotyping of Festulolium cultivars. These tools were also invaluable in revealing the origin of polyploid fescues, and facilitated the development of chromosome substitution and introgression lines and physical mapping of traits of interest. Further progress in this area will require the development of a larger set of cytogenetic markers and high-resolution cytogenetic maps. It is expected that the Lolium – Festuca complex will continue providing opportunities for breeding superior grass cultivars and the complex will remain an attractive platform for fundamental research of the early steps of hybrid speciation and interaction of parental genomes, as well as the processes of chromosome pairing, elimination and recombination.
Grasses are the most important and widely cultivated crops. Among them, ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) and fescues (Festuca spp.) provide high quality fodder for livestock, are used for turf and amenity purposes, and play a fundamental role in environment protection. Species from the two genera display complementary agronomic characteristics and are often grown in mixtures. Breeding efforts to combine desired features in single entities culminated with the production of Festuca × Lolium hybrids. The so called Festuloliums enjoy a considerable commercial success with numerous cultivars registered all over the world. They are also very intriguing from a strictly cytogenetic point of view as the parental chromosomes recombine freely in hybrids. Until a decade ago this phenomenon was only known in general quantitative terms. The introduction of molecular cytogenetic tools such as FISH and GISH permitted detailed studies of intergeneric chromosome recombination and karyotyping of Festulolium cultivars. These tools were also invaluable in revealing the origin of polyploid fescues, and facilitated the development of chromosome substitution and introgression lines and physical mapping of traits of interest. Further progress in this area will require the development of a larger set of cytogenetic markers and high-resolution cytogenetic maps. It is expected that the Lolium – Festuca complex will continue providing opportunities for breeding superior grass cultivars and the complex will remain an attractive platform for fundamental research of the early steps of hybrid speciation and interaction of parental genomes, as well as the processes of chromosome pairing, elimination and recombination.
Amiprophos-methyl (APM) and colchicine (COL) are therapeutic agents and are also used in plant science. Cell cycle synchronization (CCS) is mediated by hydroxyurea (HU) and APM. The genotoxic effects of APM are unclear. In order to assess the genotoxicity of APM separately and with HU and then compare it with COL, we treated 2-day-old barley (Hordeum vulgare 'Bornova-92') seedlings with 8 µM APM for 2 h, 1.25 mM COL for 18 h, or 1.25 mM HU for 18 h and 4 µM APM for 2 h, with a final ice-cold water incubation. Following treatment, seedlings were recovered without any substance for 2 days. Genomic DNA samples were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA, inter-simple sequence repeat, and inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphisms. Polypeptide profiles were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mean genomic stability (GTS) values at the end of APM, COL, and CCS treatments were 83.6%, 83%, and 82.3%, respectively. Mean GTS values after recovery from APM, COL, and CCS treatments were 78.5%, 83.9%, and 78.7%, respectively. APM treatment resulted in altered polypeptide profiles during both treatment and recovery. The genotoxicity of APM and COL was similar, while the genotoxic effects of APM continued after removal. Only COL treatment caused retrotransposon activation. APM treatment caused appearance of new polypeptides, which continued after the removal of APM. Although the microtubule inhibitory effect of APM has been reported to be reversible, APM may cause genotoxic effects on plants, and the molecular effects of APM may not be reversible.
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