Cytochemical Localization of Hydrogenase Activity in the Anaerobic Protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis, Plagiopyla nasuta and Trimyema compressum

Zwart, K.B.; Goosen, Nico K.; Schijnde, Marian W. Van; Broers, Cees A.M.; Stumm, Claudius K.; Vogels, Godfried D.

doi:10.1099/00221287-134-8-2165

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…PFO has several FeS clusters, and its mechanism involves a radical intermediate (114, 400a). Fd carries electrons to ferredoxin-dependent [Fe]-hydrogenase (64,378,578), which donates them to protons to generate molecular hydrogen (209,351). PFO from Trichomonas has been biochemically studied and purified to homogeneity (204).…”

Section: Fig 11mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemistry and Evolution of Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes

Müller

Mentel

Hellemond

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

685

904

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SUMMARY Major insights into the phylogenetic distribution, biochemistry, and evolutionary significance of organelles involved in ATP synthesis (energy metabolism) in eukaryotes that thrive in anaerobic environments for all or part of their life cycles have accrued in recent years. All known eukaryotic groups possess an organelle of mitochondrial origin, mapping the origin of mitochondria to the eukaryotic common ancestor, and genome sequence data are rapidly accumulating for eukaryotes that possess anaerobic mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, or mitosomes. Here we review the available biochemical data on the enzymes and pathways that eukaryotes use in anaerobic energy metabolism and summarize the metabolic end products that they generate in their anaerobic habitats, focusing on the biochemical roles that their mitochondria play in anaerobic ATP synthesis. We present metabolic maps of compartmentalized energy metabolism for 16 well-studied species. There are currently no enzymes of core anaerobic energy metabolism that are specific to any of the six eukaryotic supergroup lineages; genes present in one supergroup are also found in at least one other supergroup. The gene distribution across lineages thus reflects the presence of anaerobic energy metabolism in the eukaryote common ancestor and differential loss during the specialization of some lineages to oxic niches, just as oxphos capabilities have been differentially lost in specialization to anoxic niches and the parasitic life-style. Some facultative anaerobes have retained both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Diversified eukaryotic lineages have retained the same enzymes of anaerobic ATP synthesis, in line with geochemical data indicating low environmental oxygen levels while eukaryotes arose and diversified.

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Section: Fig 11mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemistry and Evolution of Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes

Müller

Mentel

Hellemond

et al. 2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

685

904

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“…In some species these organelles contain a membrane-bound hydrogenase and are then referred to as hydrogenosomes. They are capable of oxidizing pyruvate completely to acetate, C 0 2 and H2 (Zwart et al, 1988;. H2 excretion has previously been demonstrated in several urogenital, intestinal and rumen protozoa (Yarlett et al, 1984;Muller, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen toxicity, respiration and behavioural responses to oxygen in free-living anaerobic ciliates

Fenchel

Finlay

1990

Journal of General Microbiology

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Three species of marine, anaerobic free-living ciliates (Metopus contortus, Plagiopyla frontata and ParabZepkisina collare) were studied with respect to their relation to 02. Survival was adversely affected at O2 tensions exceeding 1-2% of atmospheric (air) saturation (atm. sat.): ParablepMsma c o k e survived for about 1 h at 100% atm. sat., while the other two species survived the treatment for up to 2 d. Survival in the presence of O2 depended on the composition of the medium; cells survived longer in clean seawater than in culture medium which, when exposed to O,, became toxic. This is probably related to peroxide production mediated by solutes in the culture medium: addition of catalase prolonged survival. The ciliates did not contain catalase. Two of the species harbour endosymbiotic methanogens; at 0, tensions exceeding 2% atm. sat. the bacteria were inactivated, but they remained viable even after more than 5 h exposure to atmospheric O2 tension. Metopus contortus and Plagiopyla frontata respired 0, at rates similar to those of aerobic species; this 0, uptake is not coupled to energy conservation since the ciliates do not contain cytochromes, and low O2 tensions do not stimulate growth. 0, consumption is probably a detoxification mechanism which can maintain an intracellular anaerobic environment at a low ambient O2 tension. Metopus contortus and Plagiopyla frontata showed chemosensory behaviour in response to 0,; this allowed them to find and remain within anaerobic microhabitats.

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“…The almost exclusive staining of the hydrogenosome membrane may, alternatively, be due to the lipophilic nature of DSNBT (Hanker, 1975) or its failure to cross the membrane. However, similar membrane staining was observed using the lipophobic BSPT with sapropelic ciliates (Zwart et al, 1988) indicating that in some species, hydrogenase is membrane-associated. The presence of electron-dense material within the matrix of these organelles in preparations stained with uranyl aceitate and lead citrate may be due to the reaction of lead citrate with the formazan deposit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…G . Williams and R. D. Butler Cytochemical staining reactions have been used successfully for the specific detection of hydrogenosomes and subcellular localization of hydrogenase activity in Trichomonas vaginalis and two species of sapropelic ciliates (Zwart et al, 1988). The cytochemical staining procedure was dependent on the hydrogenase-mediated reduction of the tetrazolium salt 2-(2'-benzothiazoly1)-5-styryl-3-(4'-phthalhydrazidyl)-tetrazolium chloride (BSPT).…”

Section: Al 1988)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogenosomes in the rumen entodiniomorphid ciliate Polyplastron multivesiculatum

Paul

Williams

Butler

1990

Journal of General Microbiology

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The rumen entodiniomorphid ciliate proemn PulypkZrun muZtiueskum was shown, by biochemical and electron microscopic techniques, to possess hydrogenosomes. After Merential centrifugation of whole cell homogenates the hydrogenosomal marker enzymes pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase and hydrogenase were recovered predominantly (61% and 70% of activity respectively) in the large granular fractions that were sedimented by centrifugation for 104 g-min (fraction P1) and lo5 g-min (fraction P2). These subcellular fractions contained membrane-bound organelles that were approximately 0*4-0*6 pm in diameter and which had a mean equilibrium density of 1-22-1024 g ml-l after isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose gradients. Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activity, however, was predominantly non-sedimentable after centrifugation for 6 x 106 g-min.Numerous hydrogenosome-like organelles were present in the ectoplasm and endoplasm of the cell. Hydrogenase activity was demonstrated and localized in the protozoan cell using a novel staining procedure with distyryl nitroblue tetrmlium chloride (DSNBT).

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Cytochemical Localization of Hydrogenase Activity in the Anaerobic Protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis, Plagiopyla nasuta and Trimyema compressum

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

Biochemistry and Evolution of Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes

Biochemistry and Evolution of Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes

Oxygen toxicity, respiration and behavioural responses to oxygen in free-living anaerobic ciliates

Hydrogenosomes in the rumen entodiniomorphid ciliate Polyplastron multivesiculatum

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