Cyto-genotoxic potential of petroleum refinery wastewater mixed with domestic sewage used for irrigation of food crops in the vicinity of an oil refinery

Abstract

Petroleum refinery wastewater combined with domestic sewage were collected from the open channel in the vicinity of Mathura oil refinery, UP (India) and analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for elemental analysis and organic pollutants, respectively. Several potentially toxic and non-toxic elements were found to be present in the wastewater samples. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of several organic contaminants including pesticides. Wastewater samples were extracted using amberlite XAD4/8 resins and liquid-liquid extraction procedures using different organic solvents. The extracts were tested for their cyto-genotoxic potential using bacterial (Salmonella mutagenicity test, E. coli K-12 DNA repair defective mutants, Bacteriophage λ assay) and plant (Vigna mungo phytotoxicity test, Allium cepa chromosomal aberration assay) systems. A significant increase was observed in the number of revertants of TA97a, TA98 and TA100 strains with the test samples and XAD concentrated samples were found to be more mutagenic than liquid-liquid extracts. Colony forming units (CFUs) of DNA repair defective mutants of E. coli K-12 recA, lexA and polA declined significantly as compared to their isogenic wild-type counterparts with the test samples. Significant reduction in plaque forming units (PFUs) of bacteriophage λ was also found on treatment with the solvent extracts. Presence of several toxic pollutants in the wastewater apply prohibitive action on the seed germination process. Germination rate of Vigna mungo seeds as well as radicle and plumule lengths were found to be affected when treated with different concentration of wastewater as compared to control. Present study also indicated concentration dependent reduction in mitotic index of A. cepa i.e., 16.38% at 5% and 9.74% at 100% wastewater and percentage of aberrant cells were highest at 100% effluent. Present findings indicated that mutagenicity/genotoxicity of wastewater is due to the mixture of genotoxins; poses serious hazards to the receiving waterbodies which require continuous monitoring and remedial measures for their improvement.

Characterization and assessment of process water from oil and gas production: A case study of process wastewater in Qatar

“…On the other Khatoon & Malik. [87], studied petroleum refinery wastewater that was combined with domestic sewage and reported the pH of the wastewater to be 7.82 similar to S-1, while the EC was 3460 μS/cm, salinity was 2.01 PSU, and TDS and COD as 1910 ± 54.5 and 310 ± 32.1, respectively.…”

“…The finding of this study was in line with Al-Kaabi et al [63] also reported similar results and found that the metals Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni had the highest concentrations, 4.98 mg/L, 0.050 mg/L, 0.62 mg/L, and 7.080 mg/L, respectively. Khatoon & Malik [87]. and Rasheed & Saleh [90].…”

Multi-taxon trends and the application of genotoxic biomarkers in the analysis of effluents from sewage treatment plant

“…China has made significant investments in research aimed at enhancing sewage treatment technology and infrastructure [ 33 , 34 ]. On the other hand, India is focusing on the reuse and recovery of water resources as a strategic approach [ 35 ].…”

“…In the case of bacteria, the umuC and Ames tests emerged as the most frequently employed methods [ 35 , 58 , 69 , 94 ]. Notably, our observations indicate that the umuC test demonstrated greater efficiency compared to the Ames test.…”

ResNet14Attention network for identifying the titration end-point of potassium dichromate

“…The existing methods for automatic identification of titration end-point can be divided into three main categories ( Table 1 ), i.e., potential identification [ 13 ], color identification, and artificial intelligence identification. The potential identification method applies indicator electrodes to detect potential changes in solution reactions [ 14 ] and indicates titration end-point with potential abrupt changes [ 15 ].…”