“…Cytisine is a natural product isolated from plants and is a member of the quinolizidine alkaloid family; its five-ring skeleton structure makes cytisine highly efficient in biological activity [15]. Cytisine has good anticancer activity in various types of cancer including hepatocellular and breast cancers [6].…”
“…Cytisine is a natural product isolated from plants and is a member of the quinolizidine alkaloid family; its five-ring skeleton structure makes cytisine highly efficient in biological activity [15]. Cytisine has good anticancer activity in various types of cancer including hepatocellular and breast cancers [6].…”
“… 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 American Indians are known to have consumed the seeds of L. anagyroides (also known as Cytisus laburnum ) for their purgative and emetic effects during rituals; traditional European medicine used alcoholic extracts of Cytisus plants for constipation, migraine and insomnia; the leaves of L. anagyroides were used as tobacco substitute during World War II. 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 In several phytochemical studies examining the biological active secondary metabolite of L. anagyroides , 90 , 91 the aqueous extract of the seeds was found to contain cytisine ( Fig. 11 ), a quinolizidone alkaloid fused to a bispidine ring with absolute configuration later assigned as 1 R ,5 S through stereoselective total synthesis.…”
Section: Plant-derivedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…93 , 94 , 95 Pure cytisine has been used as a respiratory analeptic, diuretic and an insecticide in Europe. 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 Several detailed reviews on the biological properties of cytisine and its therapeutic applications are available. 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 Fig.…”
“…As a potent drug, cytisine is involved in biological processes, specifically in binding to nAChRs (11). Cytisine is a partial agonist of the α 4 β 2 * nAChR and a full agonist of receptors containing α7 and β 4 * (12). The α 4 β 2 * subtype of nAChRs mediates, at least partially and probably mainly, the rewarding and reinforcing effects of nicotine.…”
Section: Pharmacological Characteristics Of Cytisinementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The α 4 β 2 * subtype of nAChRs mediates, at least partially and probably mainly, the rewarding and reinforcing effects of nicotine. Cytisine binds to the α 4 β 2 nAChR at nanomolar concentrations (12,13) with K i values ranging from 0.45 to 2.4 nM (14,15) which are sufficient to activate these receptors even with limited blood-brain barrier penetration (14). Cytisine is thought to aid smoking cessation by reducing the severity of withdrawal symptoms (via its partial agonist action on α 4 β 2 * nAChR) and by reducing the reward and satisfaction associated with smoking (via antagonistic action against nicotine at α 4 β 2 * nAChR) (6).…”
Section: Pharmacological Characteristics Of Cytisinementioning
Tobacco use causes 6 million deaths per year worldwide, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has projected that tobacco use will cause an additional 8 million deaths annually by 2030 (1). Recently, a comprehensive 187-country survey on the prevalence of daily smoking between 1980 to 2012 found a large reduction in smoking at a global level for both men and women. However, due to population growth, the number of daily smokers worldwide has significantly increased (2). Consequently , tobacco remains a significant threat to public health and intensified efforts to reduce smoking and promote cessation are needed. A recent editorial published in The Lancet stated that the current anti-tobacco strategy was failing. Subsequently, The Lancet commissioned ìThe World Without Tobacco in 2040î campaign (3). However, a trend analysis of the projected reduction in the number of cigarette smokers suggests that a tobacco-free world by 2040 may be ambitious (4). Based on medicinal reports,
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