Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis: Successes and continuing challenges

Budke, Christine M.; Casulli, Adriano; Kern, Peter; Vuitton, Dominique A.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005477

Cited by 65 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Alveolar echinococcosis occurs when humans accidentally ingest the tapeworm eggs through direct contact with the feces of infected dogs or wild canids or through environmental contamination (Rausch and Schiller 1954;Lass et al 2015), and the larval cyst proliferates in the liver, lungs, or other tissues. In humans, this cyst slowly develops, eventually causing a disease that clinically show tumor-like symptoms with infiltrative growth and the potential for metastasis (Kern et al 2017). Alveolar echinococcosis has been noted as an important neglected zoonotic disease (Da Silva 2010; Budke et al 2017) and when the human infection data are combined and summarized with the cases of cystic echinococcosis, produced by infection with E. granulosus, around 18,000 new human vectors and potential reservoirs (Samy et al 2014;Raghavan et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In humans, this cyst slowly develops, eventually causing a disease that clinically show tumor-like symptoms with infiltrative growth and the potential for metastasis (Kern et al 2017). Alveolar echinococcosis has been noted as an important neglected zoonotic disease (Da Silva 2010; Budke et al 2017) and when the human infection data are combined and summarized with the cases of cystic echinococcosis, produced by infection with E. granulosus, around 18,000 new human vectors and potential reservoirs (Samy et al 2014;Raghavan et al 2016). Furthermore, these models can be used to predict the effect of drivers of global environmental change such as climatic or landcover alterations on the distribution of parasites or pathogens (Stensgaard et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ecological niche of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America: understanding biotic and abiotic determinants of parasite distribution with new records in New Mexico and Maryland, United States

Botero-Cañola

Dursahinhan

Rácz

et al. 2019

Therya

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Understanding the factors shaping the niche of parasites and its expression over geographical space and through time continues to be a modern scientific challenge with the results of research in this area directly influencing both theoretical and applied biology. This is especially important for proactive management of zoonotic parasites such as Echinococcus multilocularis, the etiologic agent of alveolar echinococcosis. Echinococcus multilocularis has a Holarctic distribution; with its geographic range and prevalence increasing recently in areas of the western Palearctic, while its distribution dynamics are poorly understood in the Nearctic. In this paper, we use an ecological niche modeling (ENM) approach to: i) estimate the current spatial distribution of suitable conditions for the parasite in the Nearctic. ii) Evaluate the abiotic and biotic factors influencing the species distribution. iii) Assess the potential impact of climatic change on the distribution of this species in the Nearctic. Additionally, we report two new occurrence records of this parasite that significantly expands its known geographic range. We reviewed the occurrence records of E. multilocularis for the Nearctic. This was complemented by two new records of the species from Maryland and New Mexico identified using morphology and multivariate morphometrics of the rostellar hooks. From these data we created two ENMs using the software Maxent. The first ENM included climatic variables, while the second included the same abiotic data plus biotic information consisting of four host community-related data sets. We evaluated model performance and variable importance to explore the relation of these variables to the parasite niche. Finally, we projected the resulting niche model onto future climate change scenarios. We found that an important portion of the Nearctic has suitable conditions for E. multilocularis with adequate habitat in the West and East of the continent where the parasite has not been detected. We also found that the proposed biotic variables improve the model performance and provide unique information, while the most critical abiotic variable was related to the amount of solar radiation. Finally, under the future emission scenarios explored, the distribution of suitable habitat for the parasite is predicted to increase by 56 % to 76 %. We obtained a robust model that provides detail on the distribution of suitable areas for E. multilocularis, including areas that have not been explored for the presence of the parasite. The host community variables included in this study seem a promising way to include biotic data for ecological parasite niche modeling.El estudio de los factores que moldean el nicho de los parásitos y como este se expresa en la distribución espacial y temporal de estos organismos es un reto de importancia para la biología aplicada y teórica. Esta información puede ser de especial importancia para parásitos zoonóticos tales como Echinococcus multilocularis, el cestodo causante de echinococcosis alveolar. Este paras...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ecological niche of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America: understanding biotic and abiotic determinants of parasite distribution with new records in New Mexico and Maryland, United States

Botero-Cañola

Dursahinhan

Rácz

et al. 2019

Therya

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“…E. multilocularis is a successful parasite through its ability to shape an “immunosuppressive” microenvironment, leading to a kind of balance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory responses to maintain immune homoeostasis during persistent infection . However, different from intracellular bacteria and parasites that mostly live inside macrophages and have been extensively studied for the immunological mechanisms that govern their persistence/clearance, E. multilocularis, an extracellular pathogen, has received less attention, and studies on parasite‐host interactions are limited by the absence of specific infected target cells …”

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confidence: 99%

Immune Exhaustion of T Cells in Alveolar Echinococcosis Patients and Its Reversal by Blocking Checkpoint Receptor TIGIT in a Murine Model

Zhang

Lin

et al. 2020

Hepatology

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Background and Aims The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis infection, a serious health problem worldwide, causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a tumor‐like disease predominantly located in the liver and able to spread to any organs. Until now, there have been few studies that explore how T‐cell exhaustion contributes to the parasite’s escape from immune attack and how it might be reversed. Approach and Results In this study, we found that liver T‐cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motif domain (TIGIT) expression was significantly enhanced and positively correlated with lesion activity in AE patients. High TIGIT expression in both liver‐infiltrating and blood T cells was associated with their functional exhaustion, and its ligand CD155 was highly expressed by hepatocytes surrounding the infiltrating lymphocytes. In co‐culture experiments using human blood T cells and hepatic cell line HL‐7702, CD155 induced functional impairment of TIGIT+ T cells, and in vitro blockade with TIGIT antibody restored the function of AE patients’ T cells. Similar TIGIT‐related functional exhaustion of hepatic T cells and an abundant CD155 expression on hepatocytes were observed in E. multilocularis–infected mice. Importantly, in vivo blocking TIGIT prevented T‐cell exhaustion and inhibited disease progression in E. multilocularis–infected mice. Mechanistically, CD4+ T cells were totally and CD8+ T cells partially required for anti‐TIGIT–induced regression of parasite growth in mice. Conclusions This study demonstrates that E. multilocularis can induce T‐cell exhaustion through inhibitory receptor TIGIT, and that blocking this checkpoint may reverse the functional impairment of T cells and represent a possible approach to immunotherapy against AE.

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“…Dogs and wild Canidae are the de nitive hosts, while domestic Ungulates act as intermediate hosts [2]. The two most important forms, which are of medical and public health relevance in humans, are alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by E. multilocularis and cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by E. granulosus [3]. In 2015, WHO estimated that echinococcosis is responsible for 19,300 deaths and an increase in disability-adjusted life years of approximately 871,000 people worldwide each year [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between echinococcosis-specific health literacy and behavioral intention to prevent echinococcosis among herdsmen on the Tibet Plateau in China

Zhao¹,

Dawa²,

Deji³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Echinococcosis is considered a neglected zoonotic disease. It has been an major worldwide health problem primarily affecting pastoral and poor rural communities with weak infrastructures, limited economic resources and poor sanitation. In general, the population in these poor areas has a low level of health literacy. This study aims to examine the association between echinococcosis-specific health literacy(ES-HL) and behavioral intention to prevent echinococcosis(BIPE) among herdsmen on the Tibet Plateauin in China. Methods A cross-sectional study of 401 Tibetan herdsmen was conducted in Gande country of Qinghai Province, China. Participants were recruited from August to September 2018 and from February to March 2019. A self-developed questionnaire was used to measure demographic information, ES-HL and BIPE. Hierarchical regression analysis was done to identify the factors associated with BIPE. Results In the hierarchical regression analysis, we entered age, sex, education level, marital state and family monthly income per capita into model 1 which explained a significant amount of variance in BIPE (Adjusted R2 change = 0.029, P = 0.006), and sex(β= -0.125, P = 0.013) and family monthly income per capita(β= -0.133, P = 0.009) were found to be associated with BIPE. Then three factors of ES-HL was added to Model 1 to create Model 2. In Model 2, the two factors of ES-HL, perceived echinococcosis information support (β = 0.229, P < 0.001) and echinococcosis-specific self-management ability (β = 0.252, P < 0.001), were significantly associated with BIPE, while the information acquisition and evaluation ability factor (β = 0.093, P = 0.089) was not found to be associated with BIPE. The model improved significantly when ES-HL was included (Model 2) explaining 25.8% of variance of BIPE(Adjust R2 change = 0.229, P < 0.001) Conclusions ES-HL is an important predictor of whether individuals take preventive actions against echinococcosis. ES-HL promotion action project should be developed aiming at different target population to enhance some of the specific abilities needed to prevent echinococcosis.

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Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis: Successes and continuing challenges

Cited by 65 publications

References 15 publications

The ecological niche of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America: understanding biotic and abiotic determinants of parasite distribution with new records in New Mexico and Maryland, United States

The ecological niche of Echinococcus multilocularis in North America: understanding biotic and abiotic determinants of parasite distribution with new records in New Mexico and Maryland, United States

Immune Exhaustion of T Cells in Alveolar Echinococcosis Patients and Its Reversal by Blocking Checkpoint Receptor TIGIT in a Murine Model

Association between echinococcosis-specific health literacy and behavioral intention to prevent echinococcosis among herdsmen on the Tibet Plateau in China

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