Cyst–theca relationship and phylogenetic positions ofProtoperidinium(Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) species of the sectionsConicaandTabulata, with description ofProtoperidinium shanghaiensesp. nov.

Abstract

The genus Protoperidinium has been divided into several sections based on the shape of the first apical plate, the number/shape of anterior intercalary plates and the presence/absence of antapical horns/spines; however, phylogenetic relationships among these sections have not been fully explored. We examined the cyst-theca relationships of seven Protoperidinium species isolated from sediments along the Chinese coast. Ten partial nuclearencoded large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) sequences were obtained by single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for seven species belonging to the Conica and Tabulata sections of the genus. New cyst-theca relationships were established for Protoperidinium biconicum and Protoperidinium humile, and the former was restricted to warmer waters. Brigantedinium majusculum was identified as the cyst of Protoperidinium pentagonum; whereas, Trinovantedinium applanatum corresponded to Protoperidinium shanghaiense sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses based on LSU rDNA sequences were carried out using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference and revealed that the theca-based section Conica was polyphyletic, and Tabulata was monophyletic. Surprisingly, some cyst-based genera (e.g. Brigantedinium, Selenopemphix) proved to be polyphyletic.

Morphology, ultrastructure, and molecular phylogeny of Wangodinium sinense gen. et sp. nov. (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) and revisiting of Gymnodinium dorsalisulcum and Gymnodinium impudicum

“…The PCR protocol was identical to that of Gu et al. (). PCR products were sequenced directly in both directions using the ABI Big‐Dye dye‐terminator technique (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer's recommendations.…”

“…For each ribosomal DNA amplification, a 50 lL PCR cocktail containing 0.2 lM forward and reverse primer, PCR buffer, 50 lM dNTP, 1 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Takara, Dalian, China) was subjected to 35 cycles using a Mastercycler PCR (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). The PCR protocol was identical to that of Gu et al (2015b). PCR products were sequenced directly in both directions using the ABI Big-Dye dye-terminator technique (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer's recommendations.…”

Huia caspica gen. & comb. nov., a dinoflagellate species that recently crossed the marine‐freshwater boundary

“…They are not grouped together in the molecular phylogeny, supporting the systematic significance of the number and shape of anterior intercalary plates in this group of dinoflagellates. This is in contrast with the genus Protoperidinium , which incorporates species with one, two or three anterior intercalary plates, but remains a monophyletic group (Gu et al ). The Diplopsalioideans might have experienced a rapid diversification during their evolution.…”

Cysts of the genus Protoperidinium species in sediments from coastal waters of Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa and Ninh Thuan provinces, South central Vietnam

“…Hình thái các bào tử cũng được quan sát dưới KHVQH như các tế bào sống phù du, nhưng đặc biệt chú ý hình dạng lỗ mở, màu sắc và các chạm trổ rất đặc trưng. Các tài liệu chủ yếu được dùng để định loại các dạng bao gồm: Wall & Dale (1968), Matsuoka (1987), Bolch & Hallegraeff (1990), và Gu et al (2015).…”

“…đã kết luận Brigantedinium majusculum là bào tử P. pentagonum và bào tử Trinovantedinium applanatum tương ứng với một loài mới được mô tả là P. shanghaiense. Tuy nhiên, sau đó Li et al (2015) lại không đồng ý với kết quả của Gu et al (2015) Pospelova & Head, 2002), cả hai bào tử này có các gai với chiều dài khoảng 0,3-3,5 µm. Bào tử Islandinium brevispinosum trong nghiên cứu này có hình dạng tương đồng với các công bố khác (Pospelova & Head, 2002;Radi et al, 2013;Zonneveld & Pospelova, 2015).…”