Cygnus X-1 contains a 21–solar mass black hole—Implications for massive star winds

Miller-Jones, J. C. A.; Bahramian, A.; Orosz, Jerome A.; Mandel, Ilya; Gou, Lijun; Maccarone, Thomas J.; Neijssel, Coenraad J.; Zhao, Xueshan; Ziółkowski, J.; Reid, M. J.; Uttley, P.; Zheng, X.; Byun, Doyoung; Dodson, Richard; Grinberg, V.; Jung, Taehyun; Kim, Jeong-Sook; Marcote, B.; Markoff, Sera; Rioja, María J.; Rushton, A.; Russell, D. M.; Sivakoff, Gregory R.; Tetarenko, Alexandra J.; Tudose, V.; Wilms, J.

doi:10.1126/science.abb3363

Cited by 204 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…• and q = 𝑀 1 /𝑀 2 = 0.45 +0.14 −0.07 ) are also shown as corner plots in Figure 6, confirming the detection of a 11.1 +2.1 −2.4 𝑀 BH orbiting a MSTO star in NGC 1850. If the inclination of the system is indeed confirmed by further studies, this represents one of the few massive BHs detected so far and its relative mass uncertainty of 20% (see Table 2) makes it one of the most accurate measurements available in the literature (Miller-Jones et al 2021).…”

Section: Light Curvesmentioning

confidence: 69%

A black hole detected in the young massive LMC cluster NGC 1850

Saracino

Kamann

Guarcello

et al. 2021

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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We report the detection of a black hole (NGC 1850 BH1) in the ∼100 Myr-old massive cluster NGC 1850 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It is in a binary system with a main-sequence turn-off star (4.9 ± 0.4 M⊙), which is starting to fill its Roche Lobe and becoming distorted. Using 17 epochs of VLT/MUSE observations we detected radial velocity variations exceeding 300 km s−1 associated to the target star, linked to the ellipsoidal variations measured by OGLE-IV in the optical bands. Under the assumption of a semi-detached system, the simultaneous modelling of radial velocity and light curves constraints the orbital inclination of the binary to (38 ± 2)○, resulting in a true mass of the unseen companion of $11.1_{-2.4}^{+2.1}\, M_{\odot }$. This represents the first direct dynamical detection of a black hole in a young massive cluster, opening up the possibility of studying the initial mass function and the early dynamical evolution of such compact objects in high-density environments.

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Section: Light Curvesmentioning

confidence: 69%

A black hole detected in the young massive LMC cluster NGC 1850

Saracino

Kamann

Guarcello

et al. 2021

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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“…Belczynski et al (2011) found that one such high-mass X-ray binary, Cygnus X-1, is expected to form an NSBH with a BH that carries near-maximal spin, although it would not merge within a Hubble time. However, following revised estimates of the component masses of Cygnus X-1 (Miller-Jones et al 2021 found that it will most likely form a BBH. Meanwhile, analyses of GWTC-1 and GWTC-2 have found evidence for BH spin (Abbott et al 2016f, 2021dVitale et al 2017a;Chatziioannou et al 2019;Kimball et al 2020), though they do not determine whether those BHs may have been formed with that spin.…”

Section: Spinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of Gravitational Waves from Two Neutron Star–Black Hole Coalescences

Abbott

Abraham

et al. 2021

ApJL

617

334

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We report the observation of gravitational waves from two compact binary coalescences in LIGO's and Virgo's third observing run with properties consistent with neutron star-black hole (NSBH) binaries. The two events are named GW200105_162426 and GW200115_042309, abbreviated as GW200105 and GW200115; the first was observed by LIGO Livingston and Virgo and the second by all three LIGO-Virgo detectors. The source of GW200105 has component masses -+ 8.9 1.5 1.2 and 130 Gpc yr 69 112 3 1 under the assumption of a broader distribution of component masses.

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“…In a way, turbulence may be the key factor for solving the issue, although it creates artifacts in the SN II and compact object formation landscapes. We stress, however, that the C20 model leads to low mass BHs of 10 M , especially for high α Λ values, which is not consistent with the BH masses in some Galactic BH X-ray binaries (e.g., Miller-Jones et al 2021).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Revisiting the explodability of single massive star progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae

Zapartas

Renzo

Fragos

et al. 2021

A&A

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Stripped-envelope supernovae (Types IIb, Ib, and Ic) that show little or no hydrogen comprise roughly one-third of the observed explosions of massive stars. Their origin and the evolution of their progenitors are not yet fully understood. Very massive single stars stripped by their own winds (≳25−30 M⊙ at solar metallicity) are considered viable progenitors of these events. However, recent 1D core-collapse simulations show that some massive stars may collapse directly into black holes after a failed explosion, with a weak or no visible transient. In this Letter, we estimate the effect of direct collapse into a black hole on the rates of stripped-envelope supernovae that arise from single stars. For this, we compute single-star MESA models at solar metallicity and map their final state to their core-collapse outcome following prescriptions commonly used in population synthesis. According to our models, no single stars that have lost their entire hydrogen-rich envelope are able to explode, and only a fraction of progenitors left with a thin hydrogen envelope do (IIb progenitor candidates), unless we use a prescription that takes the effect of turbulence into account or invoke increased wind mass-loss rates. This result increases the existing tension between the single-star paradigm to explain most stripped-envelope supernovae and their observed rates and properties. At face value, our results point toward an even higher contribution of binary progenitors to stripped-envelope supernovae. Alternatively, they may suggest inconsistencies in the common practice of mapping different stellar models to core-collapse outcomes and/or higher overall mass loss in massive stars.

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Cygnus X-1 contains a 21–solar mass black hole—Implications for massive star winds

Cited by 204 publications

References 107 publications

A black hole detected in the young massive LMC cluster NGC 1850

A black hole detected in the young massive LMC cluster NGC 1850

Observation of Gravitational Waves from Two Neutron Star–Black Hole Coalescences

Revisiting the explodability of single massive star progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae

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