Cyclosporin A — A review on fermentative production, downstream processing and pharmacological applications

A comparison of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) for the determination of the cyclosporin A concentration in whole blood from Chinese patients

“…Therapeutic applications of CyA include kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, and bone marrow transplants, treatment of autoimmune and rheumatoid diseases, and uses in dermatology and pulmonology (1). Immunosuppressive therapy with CyA follows a narrow path between the risk of rejection as a result of too little immunosuppression and toxic organ damage as a result of too much immunosuppression.…”

Insects emerge as valuable model hosts to explore virulence

“…16,17 Interestingly, cyclosporin A, which has been identified among the cyclic peptides employed by fungal pathogens to overcome the immune system of their insect hosts, 18 has become the commercially most important drug used in organ transplantation to suppress rejection of donor organs in recipients. 19 In addition, G. mellonella has recently also been proven as a surrogate model host for bacterial human pathogens. For example, it has been elaborated as a model system for Francisella tularensis, which causes tularemia and is considered as a category A bioterrorism agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.…”

Development of an Algorithm for Reconstructing a Comprehensive Pathway Model: Application to <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>

“…For example, kojic acid, a tyrosinase inhibitor, is produced by Aspergillus oryze [4]- [6]. Cyclosporine, which is produced by Tolypocladium inflatum, inhibits the signal transduction mediated by calcineurin [7]- [9]. However, the pathways that are related to the production of these useful compounds have not been clarified.…”