Cyclospora cayetanensis travels in tap water on Italian trains

Giangaspero, Annunziata; Marangi, Marianna; Arace, Ersilia

doi:10.2166/wh.2014.093

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Cyclospora cayetanensis contaminated water has also been found in developed countries. In Italy, treated wastewater, tap water, and well water was found, by molecular methods, to be contaminated by C. cayetanensis [188]. In Spain, drinking water treatment plants (DWTP), wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and rivers were tested—oocysts were present in one of the rivers investigated [190].…”

Section: Transmission and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

2019

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Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by C. cayetanensis is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, C. cayetanensis affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for C. cayetanensis infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients. Trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of cyclosporiasis, but relapses may occur. Further research is needed to understand many unknown epidemiological aspects of this parasitic disease. Here, we summarize the biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of C. cayetanensis; additionally, we outline future research needs for this parasite.

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Section: Transmission and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

2019

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“…In contrast, with using the same method (PCR/HRM), no genetic variability was found between C. cayetanensis oocysts in samples obtained from edible shellfish collected from Turkey (Izmir) using internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 gene primers (Lalonde et al 2013). Furthermore, Giangaspero et al (2015) found that all C. cayetanensis collected from tap water samples from the toilets of an Italian national railway train had the same PCR/ HRM characteristics targeting the ITS-2 gene. Adam et al (2000) identified the intra-genomic variation in ITS-1 genes of C. cayetanensis rRNA isolated from a variety of sources, including raspberry, cases from Guatemala, and pooled and individual isolates from Peru suggesting that these multiple sequences could represent multiple clones from a single clinical source or, more likely, variability of the ITS-1 region within the genome of a single clone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Wide genetic variations at 18S ribosomal RNA locus of Cyclospora cayetanensis isolated from Egyptian patients using high resolution melting curve

et al. 2016

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A variable clinical picture of cyclosporiasis including gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symptomatic or asymptomatic beside extraintestinal consequences suggests a possibility of heterogenicity of Cyclospora cayetanensis. The present work aimed to explore the possibility of genetic variation of C. cayetanensis using high-resolution melting (HRM) curve of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified 18S rRNA genes. DNAs extracted from the stool samples of 70 cyclosporiasis patients were amplified and scanned by PCR/HRM curve. The results showed that there are four different genotypic profiles of C. cayetanensis with presence of mixed ones. Although Tm of all profiles was within the same range, they were discerned by plotting of the temperature-shifted florescence difference between normalized melting curves (dF/dT). Genotypic profile I was found alone in 40 % of patients and mixed with genotypic profile II and/or III in 25.7 % of patients, followed by genotypic profile II in 14.3 % then genotypic profile III and IV (10 % each). A significant relation was found between genotypic profiles and GIT symptomatic status as profile I and profile II were mostly detected in patients with acute GIT symptoms without or with chronic illness, respectively, while profile IV cases only were GIT asymptomatic. Statistical significance relations between genotypic profiles and age, gender, residence and oocyst shape index were determined. In conclusion, PCR/HRM proved a wide variation on C. cayetanensis genes that could be reflected on its pathogenic effects and explaining the variability of the clinical manifestations presented by cyclosporiasis patients.

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“…Regarding chimpanzees from WARC, it is possible that the contamination might have been acquired locally, since the animals were not recently moved or imported from other areas. In Italy, humans have been found to harbour C. cayetanensis [ 34 - 36 ], and this parasite has also been isolated from stored tap water [ 37 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Cyclospora in captive chimpanzees and macaques by a quantitative PCR-based mutation scanning approach

et al. 2015

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BackgroundCyclospora is a protistan parasite that causes enteritis in several species of animals including humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Cyclospora in captive non-human primates.MethodsA total of 119 faecal samples from Pan troglodytes, Macaca sylvanus, Cercopithecus cephus, Erythrocebus patas, Chlorocebus aethiops and Macaca fascicularis from a wildlife animal rescue center as well as from Macaca fascicularis from an experimental primate research center were tested for the presence of Cyclospora by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis.ResultsCyclospora was detected in three Pan troglodytes (13.6%) and nine (9.3%) Macaca fascicularis.ConclusionsThe present study represents the first record of Cyclospora in captive primates in Europe, suggesting the presence of Cyclospora cayetanensis, which is transmissible to humans.

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Cyclospora cayetanensis travels in tap water on Italian trains

Cited by 12 publications

References 21 publications

Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cyclosporiasis: An Update

Wide genetic variations at 18S ribosomal RNA locus of Cyclospora cayetanensis isolated from Egyptian patients using high resolution melting curve

Detection of Cyclospora in captive chimpanzees and macaques by a quantitative PCR-based mutation scanning approach

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