Cyclophosphamide and prednisolone for chemotherapy naïve B cell multicentric lymphoma in dogs: 32 cases (2017–2021)

Abstract

Objectives The aim of this study was to characterise the response rate and toxicity profile of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone given to dogs with newly diagnosed, chemotherapy naïve, B cell multicentric lymphoma. Materials and Methods Dogs with diagnosed with B cell lymphoma naïve to chemotherapy treatment were prospectively identified at the author's institution (2017 to 2021) and given cyclophosphamide as their initial chemotherapeutic agent in combination with prednisolone with owner's consent. Signalment, laboratory findings, stage, treatment response and toxicity were recorded. Results Thirty‐two dogs were included in the study. The overall response rate in this population of dogs was 84%. Twenty dogs (62%) had a partial response, three dogs (9%) had a complete response, four dogs (12%) had stable disease and five dogs (15%) had progressive disease. Side effects were noted in 47% of patients, with neutropaenia being the most commonly reported. Clinical Significance Cyclophosphamide and prednisolone were well‐tolerated with limited side effects. The response rate observed in this cohort of dogs with chemotherapy‐naïve B cell multicentric lymphoma is promising. Further comparative studies are required to confirm the safety and effectiveness of this intervention.

Review of Canine Lymphoma Treated with Chemotherapy—Outcomes and Prognostic Factors

“…Single agent chemotherapy was reported in 35 papers with 39 groups and 1230 cases of dogs with generalised lymphoma. Of these, 13 papers with 16 groups and 466 cases described the treatment of naïve lymphoma [ 30 , 49 , 63 , 74 , 77 , 103 , 108 , 115 , 121 , 125 , 127 , 131 , 177 ], 13 papers with 13 groups and 455 cases described relapsed lymphoma cases [ 39 , 44 , 46 , 53 , 115 , 138 , 139 , 141 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 147 , 149 ], 4 groups and 135 cases from 4 papers included a mix of naïve and relapsed lymphoma cases [ 152 , 155 , 177 , 178 ], with the remainder not clearly indicating previous treatment as an exclusion criteria [ 35 , 59 , 61 , 157 , 162 , 163 ]. Doxorubicin was the most used agent and was used in 19 groups from 16 papers [ 30 , 35 , 49 , 61 , 63 , 74 , 77 , 103 , 108 , 122 , 125 , 139 ,…”

“…Doxorubicin was the most used agent and was used in 19 groups from 16 papers [ 30 , 35 , 49 , 61 , 63 , 74 , 77 , 103 , 108 , 122 , 125 , 139 , 157 , 162 , 163 , 178 ]. Mitoxantrone was used in four groups from three papers [ 115 , 144 , 177 ], CCNU in three groups from three papers [ 39 , 46 , 127 ], actinomycin-D in two groups in two papers [ 53 , 138 ], cyclophosphamide in two groups from two papers [ 59 , 131 ], etoposide in two groups in two papers [ 152 , 155 ], and single groups of bleomycin [ 149 ], carboplatin [ 141 ], DTIC [ 44 ], L-asparaginase [ 121 ], melphalan [ 145 ], rabacfosadine [ 147 ], and vinblastine [ 143 ]. Given the range of drugs used and the combination of use in naïve and relapsed lymphoma cases, summary data are only presented for doxorubicin.…”

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa ZTHY2 Attenuates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice

“…Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is an antineoplastic drug for lymphoma and an immunosuppressant to treat autoimmune diseases, such as severe systemic lupus erythematosus [25,26]. CTX is also commonly used as a cancer treatment in companion animals [27][28][29][30], and the administration of CTX often leads to adverse effects in treated companion animals such as lethargy, moderate alopecia, vomiting, anorexia, anemia, and hematuria [31][32][33]. In addition, CTX is routinely used to induce immunosuppression in animal models associated with bone-marrow suppression, atrophy of the spleen and thymus, an imbalance of blood cells, and suppression of cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IgA, IgG, and IgM [34][35][36][37].…”

Fractionated oral dosing and its effect on cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetics in dogs with high‐grade multicentric lymphoma

“…Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a commonly used alkylating agent included in multi‐ and single‐drug treatment protocols for canine cancer 1–6 . It is mostly used for hematologic malignancies like high‐grade multicentric lymphoma 2,4–6 and multiple myeloma 7,8 .…”

“…Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a commonly used alkylating agent included in multi-and single-drug treatment protocols for canine cancer. [1][2][3][4][5][6] It is mostly used for hematologic malignancies like high-grade multicentric lymphoma 2,4-6 and multiple myeloma. 7,8 It has also been evaluated in many other settings including hemangiosarcoma, 9,10 conditioning for bone marrow transplants, 11 and indolent forms of lymphoma among others.…”