Cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and epoxygenases in CNS: Their role and involvement in neurological disorders

Phillis, John W.; Horrocks, Lloyd A.; Farooqui, Akhlaq A.

doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.02.002

Cited by 405 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 474 publications

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“…ARAderived prostaglandins are involved in reproduction maturation. During maturation, both EPA and ARA compete for the same cyclooxygenase enzyme, but the rate oxidation of EPA is only 10 % of ARA (Wada et al 2007;Phillis et al 2006;Zhao et al 2004). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of hormone injection frequency on the lipid content and fatty acid compositions in gonad, muscle and liver of Anguilla japonica during artificial maturation

Rupia

Shen

et al. 2013

Aquacult Int

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Two groups of Anguilla japonica were treated with hormone, one on a weekly basis, the other on a biweekly basis. Intramuscular injection was applied at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg BW carp pituitary extract (CPE) plus 150 IU/kg BW human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for female fish, while males received half of this dose. The average total lipid content of the gonads from the weekly treated group, i.e. 20.6 ± 1.2 % for females and 18.0 ± 2.3 % for males, was significantly higher than the biweekly treated group, 16.8 ± 0.7 and 15.5 ± 1.3 %, respectively (p \ 0.05). For both muscle and liver, the readings were not significantly different. The gonads from the weekly treated fish had more fatty acids, particularly saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, highly unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, ARA). Histological examination showed that the ovaries of both the weekly and the biweekly treated fish were mainly at stage IV. However, the weekly treated females had bigger oocyte diameter (722.0 ± 60.9 lm) than the biweekly females (611.6 ± 22.6 lm). These results suggest that CPE and hCG promoted the maturation process for both scheduled induction and that the frequency of hormone injection influenced the biochemical composition of gonads, especially their lipids. Our study describes for the first time the effect of hormone injection frequency on the lipid content and fatty acid composition in the gonads of A. japonica during artificial maturation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of hormone injection frequency on the lipid content and fatty acid compositions in gonad, muscle and liver of Anguilla japonica during artificial maturation

Rupia

Shen

et al. 2013

Aquacult Int

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“…LTA4 is then metabolized to leukotriene B4 or conjugated with GSH to form cysteinyl leukotrienes (for review see [68]). Via their binding Fig.…”

Section: Anti-inflammatory Effects Of Fisetinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of multiple pathways involved in the maintenance of neuronal function during aging by fisetin

Maher

2009

Genes Nutr

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Multiple factors have been implicated in the age-related declines in brain function. Thus, it is unlikely that modulating only a single factor will be effective at slowing this decline. A better approach is to identify small molecules that have multiple biological activities relevant to the maintenance of brain function. Over the last few years, we have identified an orally active, novel neuroprotective and cognition-enhancing molecule, the flavonoid fisetin. Fisetin not only has direct antioxidant activity but it can also increase the intracellular levels of glutathione, the major intracellular antioxidant. Fisetin can also maintain mitochondrial function in the presence of oxidative stress. In addition, it has anti-inflammatory activity against microglial cells and inhibits the activity of 5-lipoxygenase, thereby reducing the production of lipid peroxides and their pro-inflammatory by-products. This wide range of actions suggests that fisetin has the ability to reduce the age-related decline in brain function.

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“…8 Upon successful resuscitation, the latter can undergo enzymatic oxygenation by cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenases (LOX) to yield eicosanoids and docosanoids. 9 Delivery of oxygen to dysfunctional mitochondria may be associated with generation of ROS and peroxidation of polyunsaturated phospholipids, particularly cardiolipin (CL), as has been documented for traumatic brain injury. 10 Recently, we discovered that peroxidized CL can be hydrolyzed by mitochondrial Ca 2+ -independent iPLA 2 γ and release oxygenated PUFA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering of Mitochondrial Cardiolipin Oxidative Signaling in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion

Baart

Vikulina

et al. 2014

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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It is believed that biosynthesis of lipid mediators in the central nervous system after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion starts with phospholipid hydrolysis by calcium-dependent phospholipases and is followed by oxygenation of released fatty acids (FAs). Here, we report an alternative pathway whereby cereberal ischemia-reperfusion triggered oxygenation of a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), is followed by its hydrolysis to yield monolyso-CLs and oxygenated derivatives of fatty (linoleic) acids. We used a model of global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion characterized by 9 minutes of asphyxia leading to asystole followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation in postnatal day 17 rats. Global ischemia and cardiopulmonary resuscitation resulted in: (1) selective oxidation and hydrolysis of CLs, (2) accumulation of lyso-CLs and oxygenated free FAs, (3) activation of caspase 3/7 in the brain, and (4) motor and cognitive dysfunction. On the basis of these findings, we used a mitochondria targeted nitroxide electron scavenger, which prevented CL oxidation and subsequent hydrolysis, attenuated caspase activation, and improved neurocognitive outcome when administered after cardiac arrest. These data show that calcium-independent CL oxidation and subsequent hydrolysis represent a previously unidentified pathogenic mechanism of brain injury incurred by ischemia-reperfusion and a clinically relevant therapeutic target.

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Cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and epoxygenases in CNS: Their role and involvement in neurological disorders

Cited by 405 publications

References 474 publications

Effect of hormone injection frequency on the lipid content and fatty acid compositions in gonad, muscle and liver of Anguilla japonica during artificial maturation

Effect of hormone injection frequency on the lipid content and fatty acid compositions in gonad, muscle and liver of Anguilla japonica during artificial maturation

Modulation of multiple pathways involved in the maintenance of neuronal function during aging by fisetin

Deciphering of Mitochondrial Cardiolipin Oxidative Signaling in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion

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