Cycloid Psychoses—Endogenous Psychoses which are Neither Schizophrenic Nor Manic-Depressive

Abstract

Kraepelin's diagnostic classification of the endogenous psychoses received world-wide acceptance, but today it is generally considered to have failed and is at times rejected by some workers with a few scornful words. This is not due to Kraepelin's own work but is the result of the way in which his successors have used his concepts. Kraepelin himself was not satisfied with the rough division of the endogenous psychoses into the two forms of manic-depressive insanity and schizophrenia, or as he termed it, dementia praecox. He, in fact, never ceased trying to isolate more disease entities. Thus, for example, he differentiated a large number of special forms of schizophrenia. Although he defined the two major groups of endogenous psychoses, this did not mean that he limited the number of diagnostic categories. On the contrary, he investigated all special forms of mental illness very carefully. If he saw a clinical picture which was unknown to him he would say, “So far I do not know this clinical picture, we should describe it adequately, perhaps other cases will occur as well, which will allow the isolation of a characteristic clinical picture.”

Nonschizophrenic Psychotic Disorders: The Case of Cycloid Psychoses

“…Diagnoses were established at clinical conferences by means of a so-called Longitudinal Expert evaluation using All Data method (LEAD) [22], in which 3 of the 4 authors participated. All patients were evaluated according to: (1) the criteria for CPs as formulated by Perris and Brockington [7](table 1); (2) the ICD-10 Diagnostic Guidelines for APP, and (3) the clinical descriptions of CPs as described by Leonhard [2]with its subtypes according to the scheme as presented by Jabs et al [14]. The criterion abrupt onset (within 48 h or less) or acute onset (within 2 weeks) was used for subdivision.…”

“…In contrast to the criteria as originally described by Leonhard [2], the characteristic intrasyndromal biphasic structure of symptomatology is no longer required in the ICD-10 [8]. Moreover, full recovery without the development of residual symptoms is included only in the general guidelines for acute and transient psychotic disorders (F23).…”

“…A third subtype, called anxiety-happiness psychosis, was added by Leonhard [2]. The nosological separation from other endogenous psychoses and its prognostic validity were stressed [3].…”

Genome‐wide association study of atypical psychosis

“…1). Zykloide Psychose [Leonhard, 1957[Leonhard, , 1961, or bouffée déliriante [Magnan, 1893], has the features of acute onset, hallucination and/ or mood disturbance at the acme phase. Patients with this type of the disorder worsen periodically, but they can live a normal life after such periods of short-duration exacerbation, and may often exhibit a memory disturbance about the duration.…”

Cycloid psychoses: Leonhard´s descriptions revisited

“…Depending on the subtype, most typical symptoms are rapid mood swings, severe anxiety and/or ecstasy, confusional states and psychomotor disturbances [8][9][10][11] . In the fifties, based on the detailed longitudinal analysis of symptom profiles, Leonhard delineated three subtypes: anxiety-happiness psychosis, confusion psychosis and motility psychosis 12 .…”