Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges as Perse Antimicrobial Agents Increase the Activity of Natural Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin

Abstract

At present, antibiotic resistance is considered a real problem. Therefore, for decades scientists have been looking for novel strategies to treat bacterial infections. Nisin Z, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), can be considered an option, but its usage is mainly limited by the poor stability and short duration of its antimicrobial activity. In this context, cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanosponges (NSs), synthesized using carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), were chosen for nisin Z loading. To determine the minimum inhibitory of nisin Z loaded on CD-NS formulations, agar well diffusion plates were used. Then, the bactericide concentrations of nisin Z loaded on CD-NS formulations were determined against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and -negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, using microdilution brain heart infusion (BHI) and tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The minimum and bactericide inhibitory values of the nisin complex with NSs were potentially decreased against both bacteria, compared with the nisin-free sample, while the nisin complex with β-CD showed lower antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial effect was also demonstrated by free NSs. Furthermore, the total viable counts (TVCs) antibacterial experiment indicated that the combination of nisin Z in both PMDA and CDI β-CD-based NSs, especially CDI, can provide a better conservative effect on cooked chicken meat. Generally, the present study outcomes suggest that the cross-linked β-CD-based NSs can present their own antimicrobial potency or serve as promising carriers to deliver and enhance the antibacterial action of nisin Z.

Dextrin-Based Nanohydrogels for Rokitamycin Prolonged Topical Delivery

“…The presence of cyclodextrin units within the nanogel structure can promote the hydrophobic drug incorporation [ 24 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. β-CD nanosponges (NSs) are chemically crosslinked polymers that have many attractive features for use as hydrogels.…”

“…Their peculiar structure, generally made up of cyclodextrin units crosslinked by crosslinking agents, enabled different kinds of drugs to be encapsulated due to the formation of inclusion and non-inclusion complexes, which is attributable to the availability of high number of interaction sites, i.e., hydrophobic cyclodextrin cavities and hydrophilic nanochannels of the polymeric network [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Moreover they showed sustained drug released kinetics, which is a desired property for improving drug bioavailability and effectiveness [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

“…Nanosponge polymers have been employed for the delivery of antibiotics only in a few studies [ 25 , 26 ]. Recently, the antimicrobial capacities of the NSs generated an interesting combinatorial effect with the antimicrobial peptide Nisin [ 24 ]. This last point suggests that the antimicrobial activity of RK might be increased not only by increased stability and better bioavailability [ 25 ], but also by the intrinsic antimicrobial capacity of the excipient.…”

Oxygen Nanocarriers for Improving Cardioplegic Solution Performance: Physico-Chemical Characterization

“…The safety profiles of the αCD-NSs and CNN-NSs have been thoroughly investigated as candidates for several pharmaceutical applications [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Their cytotoxicity on anaplastic thyroid cancer cells and internalized in the A2780 cell line have been evaluated in previous studies [ 28 , 37 ].…”

β-Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges Inclusion Compounds Associated with Gold Nanorods for Potential NIR-II Drug Delivery

“…NSs are the material of choice over β-CDs due to their higher stability, biocompatibility, encapsulation efficiencies, and control over their particle size and solubility [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Moreover, NSs increase the permeability of dermal formulations, control the drug release rate, and lessen drug degradation [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”