Cycling to School: Increasing Secondary School Enrollment for Girls in India

Muralidharan, Karthik; Prakash, Nishith

doi:10.1257/app.20160004

Cited by 135 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, it is important to note that the Afghanistan school creation program was done through low-cost means using existing community resources, making it relatively cost-effective, as opposed to constructing new schools in low population areas, which is often very expensive. These findings are supported by rigorous, nonexperimental studies in Burkina Faso [28], India [29], and Indonesia [30].…”

Section: Supporting Evidencesupporting

confidence: 59%

Reducing costs to increase school participation

2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Programs that reduce the costs of education increase student enrollment and attendance. However, there is considerable variation in the cost effectiveness of different programs.A classroom in Kenya. Photo: Aude Guerrucci | J-PAL Summary:From 2000 to 2015, the portion of primary and secondary school age children enrolled in school worldwide rose from 83 to 91 percent and 55 to 65 percent, respectively [1]. However, pockets of low enrollment remain and millions of children who are enrolled are not attending regularly. Education requires an investment of time, money, and effort with many benefits coming far in the future. A range of programs have been evaluated which aim to reduce the financial and non-financial costs of attending school.J-PAL recently reviewed 31 randomized evaluations of programs which sought to increase student attendance by reducing costs. Lowering school fees, providing cash transfers and small incentives to parents, reducing child morbidity, and shortening distance to schools consistently increased school attendance and enrollment. These programs addressed the barriers to participating in school by reducing financial and non-financial costs. The most cost-effective programs addressed health problems (such as intestinal worms and chronic anemia) or reduced the distance to school by leveraging existing resources to create low-cost schools in communities where no school existed previously. Supporting Evidence:Where school fees do exist, eliminating them can lead to large increases in participation. Most countries now provide free primary education, but in low-income countries, annual public secondary school fees can cost as much as one-third of an average family's yearly income. A program in Ghana offered full scholarships to academically qualified students who did not immediately enroll in secondary school. Roughly 80 percent of these students enrolled in secondary school after receiving the scholarship compared to only 20 percent enrollment in the comparison group at the beginning of the first academic year. Eight years on, the majority of the scholarship winners had completed senior high school [2]. [20]. Given the expense of CCT programs, they should primarily be viewed as social assistance programs that also increase attendance, rather than the most efficient solutions to increase school participation. Furter discussion of CCT cost-effectiveness can be found in our policy found that, in areas where anemia or worm infections are prevalent, addressing these conditions with iron pills and school-based deworming increased school attendance.The most cost-effective programs to increase student participation referenced above are those that addressed child morbidity (such as intestinal worms and chronic anemia) or reduced the distance to school through the creation of lowcost schools in areas where few schools exist. Some programs may be effective at increasing schooling but may also be expensive. Therefore, where authors have provided J-PAL with cost data, we compare the cost-effectiveness of the...

show abstract

Section: Supporting Evidencesupporting

confidence: 59%

Reducing costs to increase school participation

2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Though a similar trend in walking distance is seen in U.S. students (McDonald et al 2011), this is a much higher percentage of walking and cycling than those schools surveyed in the U.S., and a much lower percentage (less than 5%) of schoolchildren who arrive in private cars than those in the U.S. One specific program was targeted at improving the number of female students in secondary schools by focusing on cycling to school (Muralidharan and Prakash 2017). In addition, many Indian children use public buses as transportation to school (Tetali et al 2015), while this seems to be uncommon in the United States.…”

Section: School Travel In India and The Usmentioning

confidence: 68%

Why People Are Not Willing to Let Their Children Ride in Driverless School Buses: A Gender and Nationality Comparison

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:As driverless vehicles proliferate, it is possible that this technology will be applied in mass transport vehicles. School buses may be suited for autonomous operations as they follow set routes and schedules. However, a research gap exists in whether or not parents would be willing to have their children ride in autonomously operated school buses. The purpose of this study was to examine parents' willingness to allow their child to ride in an autonomous school bus. Participant gender and nationality were also two independent variables, along with affect measures as a possible mediating variable. The research used a two-study approach. In study one, it was found that participants were less willing to have their child ride in a driverless school bus than a traditional human-operated vehicle. In study two, findings suggest a significant interaction between the type of driver, participant gender, and nationality. In general, American females were less willing than Indian females and overall, Americans were less willing than Indians in the driverless conditions. Affect was found to be a mediating variable, which suggests that emotions were playing a role in the responses of participants. The paper concludes with theoretical contributions, practical applications, and suggestions for future research.

show abstract

“…Since Figure hints at violations of the parallel trends assumption in case of Sample I and Sample II, it needs to be tested, whether there were no significant pre‐treatment trends biasing the results of our DID‐estimations. A very straightforward method of testing for pre‐treatment trends has been suggested by Muralidharan and Nishith (). Therefore, Equation and Equation are estimated for the pre‐treatment period (1996–2003) only and the integration dummy gets replaced with a continuous indicator of the year (with 1996 coded as 1 and 2003 coded as 7).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of EU Eastern enlargement on urban growth and decline: New insights from Germany's Eastern border

Heider

2019

Papers in Regional Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper uses the quasi‐experimental setting of the 2004 EU enlargement, as well as town‐level data along the affected German border, to estimate the effect of economic integration on border town population development. Using a difference‐in‐differences approach, we find that the accession has had a significant positive effect on the rate of population change after 2004. However, this does not offset the, generally, poorer population development of border towns compared to interior towns. Moreover, the integration effect appears to strongly depend on initial local conditions. No effects were found for Polish towns on the opposite side of the border.

show abstract

Cycling to School: Increasing Secondary School Enrollment for Girls in India

Cited by 135 publications

References 27 publications

Reducing costs to increase school participation

Reducing costs to increase school participation

Why People Are Not Willing to Let Their Children Ride in Driverless School Buses: A Gender and Nationality Comparison

The impact of EU Eastern enlargement on urban growth and decline: New insights from Germany's Eastern border

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About