Cycling

Neumann, Georg

doi:10.1002/9780470694930.ch58

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Such a range is thus bounded by the specific extremums of the following parameter values: the trunk orientation (17.9°± 8.9°), the helmet inclination (-4°\ a 1 \ 85°), the length variation of the helmet (0.365 m \ L \ 0.420 m), the body height (1.79 ± 0.06 m) and the body mass (69.3 ± 5.5 kg). Results from some other works [4][5][6][7][8] which provide estimated values of A remain difficult to be accurately compared with the present model results, mainly because of methodological differences which are not always explicit in almost published studies. For instance, the posture adopted by the cyclist is not clearly defined, as well as if the straight section of the bicycle is taken into account in the model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…The model for the A estimation has been developed according to the assumption, shared by many authors [2][3][4][5][6]9], that anthropometry variables such as the body height h and/or the body mass m b of the cyclists can be suited predictors. A factorial statistical analysis (PCA) has been first performed to assess such an assumption.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to this equation, measurements of D and A allow to determine C D . By the way, several authors have either reported values of A or developed specific equations to estimate the projected frontal area [4][5][6][7][8][9]. However, this has been generally done only for riders of similar size and adopting the same posture on a standard bicycle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Modeling of the time trial cyclist projected frontal area incorporating anthropometric, postural and helmet characteristics

2010

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In time trial cycling stage, aerodynamic properties of cyclists are one of the main factors that determine performances. Such aerodynamic properties are strongly dependent on the cyclist ability to get into the most suitable posture to have minimal projected frontal area facing the air. The accurate knowledge of the projected frontal area (A) is thus of interest to understand the performance better. This study aims for the first time at a model estimating accurately A as a function of anthropometric properties, postural variations of the cyclist and the helmet characteristics. From experiments carried out in a wind tunnel test-section, drag force measurements, 3D motion analysis and frontal view of the cyclists are performed. Computerized planimetry measurements of A are then matched with factors related to the cyclist posture and the helmet inclination and length. Data show that A can be fully represented by a rate of the cyclist body height, his body mass, inclination and length of his helmet. All the above-mentioned factors are thus taken into account in the present modelling and the prediction accuracy is then determined by comparisons between planimetry measurements and A values estimated using the model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Modeling of the time trial cyclist projected frontal area incorporating anthropometric, postural and helmet characteristics

2010

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“…According to Heller (2018) the value of the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) stands at approximately 73 ml.kg -1 .min -1 in mountain cyclists and about 71 ml.kg -1 .min -1 in middle and long distance runners. In adolescence, the development of VO2max continues, in both training and non-training population (Neumann, Pfützner, & Berbalk, 2000). The development of VO2max in adolescent runners is examined e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of primary school teachers’ attitudes and opinions towards inclusive education in the South Moravian Region and Split-Dalmatian County

Stračárová¹

2020

Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology

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The research is focused on teachers‘ approaches, opinions, and visions concerning inclusive education in the South Moravian Region and the Split-Dalmatian County. Further to that, it analyses the degree of Inclusion in these areas. The relationship of pedagogues towards Inclusion, due to a steep increase of specific disorders, is extremely important. The research was made in the year when the inclusive education bill was passed in the Czech Republic. Data was collected in the first school year when schools in Czech Republic functioned as in-clusive. Data collection took place in Split-Dalmatian county in 2016 and the South Moravian Region in 2017. The research is qualitative, an open-question questionnaire was made, and a non-structured interview was made when visiting schools. We set the following hypothe-ses. We assume that teachers of selected schools of the Split-Dalmatia County evaluate Inclusion more negatively than teachers of selected primary schools in the South Moravian Region. This hypothesis is not confirmed. We expect that Inclusion will take place in selected elementary schools in the South Moravian Region more than in selected elementary schools in Split-Dalmatia County. This hypothesis is not confirmed. This research is based on the methodology and data from the diploma thesis of Nikola Stračárová 2017 (Stračárová, 2017).

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Science and cycling: current knowledge and future directions for research

Atkinson

Davison

Jeukendrup

et al. 2003

Journal of Sports Sciences

158

125

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In this holistic review of cycling science, the objectives are: (1) to identify the various human and environmental factors that influence cycling power output and velocity; (2) to discuss, with the aid of a schematic model, the often complex interrelationships between these factors; and (3) to suggest future directions for research to help clarify how cycling performance can be optimized, given different race disciplines, environments and riders. Most successful cyclists, irrespective of the race discipline, have a high maximal aerobic power output measured from an incremental test, and an ability to work at relatively high power outputs for long periods. The relationship between these characteristics and inherent physiological factors such as muscle capilliarization and muscle fibre type is complicated by inter-individual differences in selecting cadence for different race conditions. More research is needed on high-class professional riders, since they probably represent the pinnacle of natural selection for, and physiological adaptation to, endurance exercise. Recent advances in mathematical modelling and bicycle-mounted strain gauges, which can measure power directly in races, are starting to help unravel the interrelationships between the various resistive forces on the bicycle (e.g. air and rolling resistance, gravity). Interventions on rider position to optimize aerodynamics should also consider the impact on power output of the rider. All-terrain bicycle (ATB) racing is a neglected discipline in terms of the characterization of power outputs in race conditions and the modelling of the effects of the different design of bicycle frame and components on the magnitude of resistive forces. A direct application of mathematical models of cycling velocity has been in identifying optimal pacing strategies for different race conditions. Such data should, nevertheless, be considered alongside physiological optimization of power output in a race. An even distribution of power output is both physiologically and biophysically optimal for longer ( > 4 km) time-trials held in conditions of unvarying wind and gradient. For shorter races (e.g. a 1 km time-trial), an 'all out' effort from the start is advised to 'save' time during the initial phase that contributes most to total race time and to optimize the contribution of kinetic energy to race velocity. From a biophysical standpoint, the optimum pacing strategy for road time-trials may involve increasing power in headwinds and uphill sections and decreasing power in tailwinds and when travelling downhill. More research, using models and direct power measurement, is needed to elucidate fully how much such a pacing strategy might save time in a real race and how much a variable power output can be tolerated by a rider. The cyclist's diet is a multifactorial issue in itself and many researchers have tried to examine aspects of cycling nutrition (e.g. timing, amount, composition) in isolation. Only recently have researchers attempted to analyse interrelationships between di...

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Cycling

Cited by 3 publications

References 23 publications

Modeling of the time trial cyclist projected frontal area incorporating anthropometric, postural and helmet characteristics

Modeling of the time trial cyclist projected frontal area incorporating anthropometric, postural and helmet characteristics

A Comparative Study of primary school teachers’ attitudes and opinions towards inclusive education in the South Moravian Region and Split-Dalmatian County

Science and cycling: current knowledge and future directions for research

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